Abstract
Natural and mass selection during domestication and cultivation favored particular traits of interest in barley. In the present study, population structure, and genetic relationships among 144 accessions of barley landraces and breeding materials from various countries were studied using a set of 77 and 72 EST-SSR and gSSR markers, respectively distributed on seven chromosomes of barley. In total, 262 and 429 alleles were amplified in 77 EST-SSRs and 72 gSSR loci, respectively. Out of which, 185 private/group-specific alleles were identified in the landraces compared with 14 in "cultivar and advanced breeding lines", indicating the possibility to introgress favorite alleles from landraces into breeding materials. Comparative analysis of genetic variation among breeding materials, Iranian landraces, and exotic landraces revealed higher genetic diversity in Iranian landraces compared with others. A total of 37, 15, and 14 private/group-specific alleles were identified in Iranian landraces, exotic landraces, and breeding materials, respectively. The most likely groups for 144 barley genotypes were three as inferred using model- and distance-based clustering as well as principal coordinate analysis which assigned the landraces and breeding materials into separate groups. The distribution of alleles was found to be correlated with population structure, domestication history and eco-geographical factors. The high allelic richness in the studied set of barley genotype provides insights into the available diversity and allows the construction of core groups based on maximizing allelic diversity for use in barley breeding programs.
Highlights
Natural and mass selection during domestication and cultivation favored particular traits of interest in barley
A wide range of genetic diversity was detected in the panel of studied barley genotypes by gSSRs compared with EST-SSRs as revealed by a number of alleles (Na), number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s index (I), expected heterozygosity (He) and polymorphic information content (PIC)
We utilized microsatellite markers to assess the effect of breeding history, origin, and growth type on genetic diversity and population structure of barley genotypes
Summary
Natural and mass selection during domestication and cultivation favored particular traits of interest in barley. Domestication and human selection in subsistence agriculture over a long period resulted in the development and evolution of landraces with high adaptation to the local natural environments. In such systems, natural selection, seed exchange, and human migration generated a huge genetic variation which has been maintained by farmers[7,8]. Among the DNA markers, SSR markers have been extensively use to analyze population structure and genetic diversity in barley germplasm, due to the high polymorphism, reproducibility, co-dominant and multi-allelic nature when compared to most of the marker s ystems[16,17,18,19,20,21,22]
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