The Indian Concern on China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Justification from the Perspective of International Law

To achieve the goal of sustainable economic development of Pakistan through logistics arrangements in CPEC, this research paper identifies and analyses benefits of CPEC, and also examines and highlights the legal system of Pakistan and its associated deficiencies in this context. Furthermore, this research paper critically examines the present logistics arrangement between China and Pakistan with reference to trade in services commitments and their impacts on such agreement. Governance, law and policy issues towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are also big concerns for Pakistan. This will raise diverse legal and policy issues hence create uncertainty and conflict of laws both domestic and internationally. These issues can be handled and solved through upgrading domestic transport and logistics laws and making them in line with international practice. Furthermore coordination and cooperation between local institutes and agencies is most important initiative to gain maximum benefits. Adoption and accession of international conventions of transport and logistics will also have key role to play for better results from CPEC. The current research is rested on qualitative and socio- legal methods of research whereby the authors opt for a qualitative research design as opposed to a quantitative one. The research design would be the analysis between road transport and logistics investment laws exists in Pakistan and Chinese model of logistics arrangement formulated in CPEC by both countries. This research paper will discuss these in detail. Firstly, China Pakistan bilateral trade relations and impacts on Pakistan economy. Secondly, CPEC transport and logistics investment in physical infrastructure in Pakistan. Thirdly, analysis of current rules and regulations applicable for China Pakistan bilateral trade and logistics arrangements. Fourthly, CPEC investment and future challenges for Pakistan and finally proposed comprehensive logistics investment framework agreement.

Media in Pakistan varies from local to national level. This study investigates Pakistan’s two mainstream and two local newspapers contents—while taking China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a case study— for agenda setting patterns and influence on each other. A look at various newspapers in Pakistan suggests that every Newspaper is almost copy of its contemporaries. The main objective of the study is to highlight that mainstream media influence local media. The main significance of my study and research is to create the importance of local newspapers. The case study for this research is "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" (CPEC), a controversial and political issue between federal and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Methodology for this study is qualitative content analysis guided by Agenda setting theory. The analysis found the following themes, which became part of the public as well as political discourse in the ongoing debate on CPEC. It was concluded that mainstream media partially influenced the Print media agenda.

China has announced One Belt one Road “OBOR” policy in 2013. CPEC is the offshoot of Chinese OBOR policy and become as one of the leading project under OBOR and the source of highest foreign investment in Pakistan ever came. Logistics certainly assumes basic job in each nation's financial advancement. Without all around created logistics industry in Pakistan, CPEC would not be appeared. Be that as it may, this area was not adequately secured by the reciprocal arrangements among China and Pakistan. In current scenario there is no structure consent to manage strategic course of action under CPEC. To determine this and related issues, a complete logistics and transport system understanding will be proposed, which is the focal point of this paper. Besides administration, legal issues, arrangement problems in the way of accomplishing sustainable economic progress are enormous worries for a developing nation like Pakistan. In authors view, some vital lawful and open strategy perspectives will be considered by Pakistan. This research paper will talk about these in detail. Firstly, logistics progress and consequences on Pakistan economy. Secondly, investigation of CPEC logistics venture duties and exceptionally lawful character of logistics speculation MOU's marked by the two nations. Thirdly, current lawful framework identified with logistics interest in association with CPEC. Fourthly, the issues emerging from current logistics investment and lastly proposed far reaching logistics venture structure understanding.

The current study seeks to discuss the grounds used by the Russian authorities to legalise their war against Ukraine, indicating the falseness of these grounds and considering the efforts of the United Nations and the International Community that aim to cease Russian aggression against Ukraine. It aims to demonstrate the falseness of Russian legality in its war against Ukraine by identifying the violations and crimes related to the Russian attack under international laws and norms, including the Charter of the United Nations, rules of international humanitarian law, and international human rights law, emphasising on the potential accountability mechanism for perpetrators of international crimes during the Russian war against Ukraine. Russia has used military force against Ukraine several times since 2014 and seized several Ukrainian critical and strategic locations, including them in the Russian territory, coinciding with escalating protests by Pro-Russian separatist groups, especially in Donetsk and Luhansk, where these groups declared their independence in February 2022. Furthermore, Russia has declared it started a special military operation aiming at peacekeeping in those two regions, in addition to claiming that its intent was to stop genocide crimes undertaken by Ukraine in the eastern region of Donbas. This research concentrated on the legality of the latest Russian military operations that started on 24 February 2022 from the perspective of contemporary international law. The research uses the descriptive analysis method, which is based on the precise description and in-depth analysis of the topic through gathering detailed data related to the research problem, analysing and interpreting legal texts and relevant information, and proposing appropriate solutions and recommendations that expose the Russian violations of international law, attempt to stop these violations, and preserve the state unity and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The research concludes that the Russian military operations against Ukraine represent a blatant violation of international law and an undermining of universal security. As a consequence, this negatively affects the friendly relationships among the members of the international community, in accordance with the provisions and principles of contemporary international law and the resolutions of international legitimacy.

The purpose of this research, entitled "Framing of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the leading press of Pakistan and China," is to gain an understanding of how the press in both countries (the Pakistani newspaper Daily Dawn and the Chinese newspaper China Daily) has framed CPEC in relation to issues such as trade development and economic growth, regional peace and security, job creation, the energy sector, the port of Karachi as a gateway to international waters, the route to the Central Asian Republics. Supportive, unsupportive, and neutral stances towards CPEC and associated concerns are also considered. The study's primary assumptions are that journalists in Pakistan and China would frame CPEC positively, and the international community will respond positively to the project. Agenda setting theory is utilised to analyse the media agendas of both countries, and the theory of framing is used to compare and contrast the two countries' dominant news coverage. From January 1st, 2021 to December 31st, 2022, the news and editorial pages of the chosen newspapers are analysed. To further understand how these CPEC-related challenges are being framed, a content analysis has been conducted. The findings show that both media present concerns related to CPEC in a positive light and provide largely positive coverage of them. Keywords: Corridor, Framing, Agenda.

This paper gives a far-extensive examination of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its possible effect on monetary and social sustainability in Pakistan. Through an analysis of the literature, it assesses the potential open doors and difficulties related to the task, like administration and institutional plans, ecological supportability, social and monetary effect, and international dangers. Furthermore, the paper presents suggestions to work on the possibilities of CPEC and sustainability in Pakistan, including strengthening governance and institutional arrangements, addressing environmental sustainability, ensuring social and economic impact, managing geopolitical risks, and enhancing research and monitoring. The study concluded that while CPEC has the potential for critical financial development and improvement, careful planning and management are necessary to ensure sustainable development and poverty reduction. It recognizes limits in the concentrate like information, time, extension, and predisposition, and prescribes regions for future exploration to fill these gaps. So, this study adds to the continuous discussion on CPEC's advantages and difficulties and its effect on financial and social development in Pakistan.

Pakistan Railways has faced a severe financial crisis in recent years. Pakistan has recently become a partner with China in a mega-investment project under an agreement called the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Among other things, CPEC also includes a range of investments in Pakistan Railways. This particular study focuses on the analysis of US$8.2 billion investment in the upgrade and expansion of the Karachi-Peshawar railways link, which is also known as the ML-1 (Main Line 1). The study found ML-1 as economically viable with a payback period of 10 years. Furthermore, ML-1 project investment is expected to result in uplifting Pakistan Railways, mainly through an increase in freight and passenger transportation. Some risk factors may hinder the expected economic return from the CPEC investment in Pakistan Railways. These factors include consistency in the government policies, the status of the Pakistani economy in upcoming years, and law and order situations in the country. The study has a utility for the governments of both countries and larger business communities have stakes in the trade between the two countries. It is equally beneficial for the international community, businesses (both in China and Pakistan) and locals of the region associated with the CPEC infrastructure.

This study prioritized initiatives within the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), foreign funding, and the associated environmental and national issues. Additionally, it analyzed these factors’ effects on improving infrastructure, commerce, and economic cooperation between China and Pakistan. Besides that, it also studies the current climatic, economic, and political challenges, mainly focused on water and agriculture issues. Climate, economic, and political issues affect the environment. These concerns deserve global attention. Pakistan mainly relies on agriculture, and its water scarcity predisposes it to economic losses, urbanization, and many socioeconomic problems. Climate change and the current flood have devastated the agriculture sector. Water scarcity affects agriculture too and significantly impacts the economy and food resources. The nation has not previously experienced such a profoundly distressing epoch. Pakistan has faced several environmental, economic, and political challenges; specifically, the fields of agriculture and water present notable apprehensions. Unfavorable climatic conditions impede the attainment of sustainable agriculture in Pakistan. Considering the strong reliance of agriculture on water resources, it is crucial to acknowledge that industrialization has resulted in substantial water contamination due to the presence of microplastics and heavy metals. Moreover, the South Asian region experiences a significant scarcity of water resources. Besides that, CPEC is the solution for the financial issues, but it is a big challenge for environmental degradation in the current stage, especially since foreign funding is a key challenge for increasing corruption and bringing more burden on the economy. Unfortunately, foreign funding is not good for Pakistan. To ensure safety, security, and sustainability, CPEC projects should follow environmental regulations. This study provides a new list of CPEC initiative priority tasks that more openly disrupt the initiative, serve the whole project, and give appropriate recommendations for future research and policy-making.

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the impact of various economic, social and environmental issues on the sustainable development of Pakistan, both directly and indirectly through the sustainability dimensions of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a multi-billion-dollar megaproject.Design/methodology/approachUsing a quantitative (deductive) methodological approach, data were collected using a strategy of an online questionnaire survey from diverse stakeholders of CPEC in Pakistan. Partial least squares-based structural equation modeling technique was used to test the relationship between observed and latent variables.FindingsThe results confirmed the positive impact of various economic, social and environmental issues on the sustainable development of Pakistan directly and indirectly through the partial mediation of sustainability dimensions of CPEC.Practical implicationsSustainability perceptions of stakeholders about CPEC and its relationship with sustainable development are critical issues for governments and policymakers. This paper suggest how economic, social and environmental dimensions of CPEC can enhance the positive perception which is necessary for stakeholder involvement and support for megaprojects such as CPEC.Originality/valueThis study evaluated the megaprojects of CPEC from a sustainability perspective through stakeholders’ perceptions by proposing and testing a parsimonious research model that has never been examined in the existing literature.

This article tries to examine John Rawls’ theories of war and nuclear weapons especially from the perspective of international law. Rawls's theory of war is based on the just war theory of Western tradition. It rejects realism and does not adopt pacifism. Rawls's theory of jus ad bellum is similar to the position of current international law in that it recognizes a war of self-defense and exceptionally a war of humanitarian intervention. HIs theory of jus in bello largely reflects the principles of existing International Humanitarian Law(IHL), such as the distinction between combatants and civilians, protection of human rights, and restrictions on military necessity. However, Rawls deviates from international humanitarian law in that it permits military action against civilians in the case of the so-called supreme emergency. Regarding nuclear weapons, it differs from the existing International Court of Justice (ICJ) theory of nuclear permitting by permitting nuclear weapons only to well-ordered peoples and presenting human rights standards for nuclear use. In addition, by evaluating the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombings as great wrongs, it presents a precedent in international humanitarian law for the use of nuclear weapons. The official position of the United States regarding the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombings was that it was a justifiable measure to end the war early. However, Rawls rejects the U.S. government's arguments and says that the atomic bombing was a representative case of the failure of so-called 'statesmanship'. This article attempted to support Rawls's perspective from the perspective of international humanitarian law. The claim that the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombings were intended to reduce the casualties of U.S. soldiers does not comply with the principle of military necessity under international humanitarian law. Additionally, the claim that it was an inevitable choice to reduce the damage to Japanese civilians that would result from a prolonged war is not valid in that there was room for a third option to end the war. The dropping of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki atomic bombs reflected America's political interest for the victory of unconditional surrender and ending the war before Russia (the former Soviet Union) entered the war. This did not comply with the principles of military necessity or humanitarian necessity of international humanitarian law.

Subject The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor's impact on agriculture. Significance Agriculture accounts for more than 20% of Pakistan's economy and 45% of employment but has stagnated over the last two decades. Most recently, it has been growing at half the pace of the economy overall. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), despite a focus on transport and energy infrastructure, is seen as the best immediate hope to revitalise the sector. Impacts Pakistan is already seeking donor assistance in areas such as agricultural infrastructure, technological exchange and post-harvest handling. However, Pakistan has yet to develop a systematic federal strategy to turn CPEC to the benefit of its farmers. Imports of agriculture machinery from China may contribute to farm mechanisation in Pakistan. That will have limited effect while sectoral structural weaknesses remain unaddressed.

Nexus among the perceived infrastructural, social, economic, and environmental impact of CPEC: A case of Pakistan

A multifaceted evaluation of hybrid energy policies: The case of sustainable alternatives in special Economic Zones of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

On August 15, 2021, the Taliban overthrew the Ghani government and returned to power. The Afghan Taliban government’s ability to govern and its foreign policy are still unclear. China, as a neighboring country of Afghanistan, has always been friendly with the Afghan people and has no historical hatred. As a neighbor of Afghanistan, China can play a constructive role in the smooth transition of the situation in Afghanistan by taking advantage of being a neighbor. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a key mechanism for China to develop China-Afghanistan economic and trade relations. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has achieved remarkable results in Pakistan. With the return of the Taliban to power and the return of calm in Afghanistan after the U.S. withdrawal, the extension of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor to Afghanistan has become a common goal promoted by China, Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, it remains to be seen where the Taliban government returns to power, and the international community is cautious about its attitude. On March 30-31, 2022, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi hosted the third meeting of foreign ministers of Afghanistan’s neighbors in Tunxi, Anhui Province, attended by the foreign ministers or representatives of Pakistan, Iran, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Wang Yi also hosted the “Afghanistan Neighbors + Afghanistan” Foreign Ministers’ Dialogue and invited Acting Foreign Minister Mottaki of the Taliban government to attend. This is a new starting point for China-Afghanistan cooperation and friendship. Sichuan can take advantage of its distance and infrastructure to contribute to the Sino-Afghan friendship.

Snapshot: The Process of Change in International Space Law Politics