Abstract
Introduction: Understanding the epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer (EC) seems to be essential in order to plan and control it. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and mortality rate of EC and its relationship with the worldwide Human Development Index (HDI) of 2012.
 Methods: This study was an ecological study which assessed the correlation of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of EC with HDI and its components. ASIR and ASMR data for EC were extracted from the global cancer project for the year 2012. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 16.
 Results: From EC were recorded worldwide in 2012, there was a total of 455,784 incidents of EC (70.86% males and 29.14% females; ratio of males to females was 2.43:1) and 400,169 mortalities (70.27% males and 29.73% females; ratio of males to females was 2.36:1). The correlation between HDI and SIR was -0.121 (p=0.105); with -0.061 (p=0.415) for men and -0.190 (p=0.010) for women. Moreover, the correlation between HDI and SMR was -0.156 (p=0.036), with -0.101 (p=0.180) for men and -0.218 (p=0.003) for women.
 Conclusion: The incidence and mortality rates from EC is higher in less developed or developing countries. No statistically significant correlation was seen between the standardized mortality or incidence rates of EC and the 2012 HDI. 
 Peer Review Details
 
 
 
 
 
 Peer review method: Single-Blind (Peer-reviewers: 02) Peer-review policy 
 Plagiarism software screening?: Yes
 Date of Original Submission: 10 August 2017
 Date accepted: 06 Sept 2017
 Peer reviewers approved by: Dr. Lili Hami 
 Editor who approved publication: Dr. Phuc Van Pham
 
 
 
 
 
Highlights
Understanding the epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer (EC) seems to be essential in order to plan and control it
In 2012, 455,784 cases of EC were recorded around the world, of which 323,008 cases (70.86%) occurred in men and 132,776 cases (29.14%) occurred in women
The five countries with the largest number of new cases were as follows: 1) China, 2) India, 3) Japan, 4) United States of America, 5) Bangladesh. These 5 countries accounted for 315,640 cases (69.25%) of all incidents of EC worldwide
Summary
Understanding the epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer (EC) seems to be essential in order to plan and control it. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and mortality rate of EC and its relationship with the worldwide Human Development Index (HDI) of 2012. Materials and Methods: This study was an ecological study which assessed the correlation of age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and agestandardized mortality rate (ASMR) of EC with HDI and its components. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality rates from EC is higher in less developed or developing countries. No statistically significant correlation was seen between the standardized mortality or incidence rates of EC and the 2012 HDI. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) per hundred thousand for esophagus cancer in both sexes from 2013 were greater in developing countries than in developed ones (ASIR=8.94 vs 3.90, and ASDR=9.11 vs 3.79, respectively) (Ferlay J, 2013)
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