The Importance Of Individualized Physical Training In Women's Basketball At Junior Level In Achieving Sports Performance

Background and Aim: The classic game of five-a-side basketball, which was first introduced as an official competition at the 32nd Olympic Games, gave rise to the new sport of 3x3 basketball. At the 32nd Olympic Games, China's women's 3x3 basketball team made history by winning the bronze medal and demonstrating exceptional competitiveness. The world's top teams still differ from one another, though. In addition, 3x3 basketball will become more well-known and appreciated in China. As much as we should celebrate the outcome, we also need to get ready for the Chinese team's next matchup against the best teams in the world. This article's primary research objective is to develop a three-woman basketball training regimen based on the analysis's findings. The research objectives are: 1) To study the results of the analysis of techniques, tactics, and quality of three women's basketball teams. of China in the 32nd Olympic Games. 2) To create a basketball training design based on the analysis results.3) To find the effectiveness of a 3-players basketball training plan created from the results of the game analysis Materials and Methods: This study adopts literature research, investigation, data analysis, logic analysis, and experiment methods. The sample included Chinese basketball players and 32 athletes from seven countries, including Romania, Russia, Italy, Japan, the United States, Mongolia, and France. In the experiment, 15 women's basketball athletes from Zhaoqing College were randomly selected for targeted training, and comprehensive tests were carried out before and after training to evaluate the effectiveness of the training plan. Result: The research results found that 1) Obtain a 3-person basketball training exercise from the game analysis results. 2) Obtain an effective 3-person basketball practice according to the set criteria of 80/80 with an efficiency of 85.75/95.75. It shows that this training plan is very effective for improving the performance of athletes. Conclusion: The 3X3 basketball training method based on the analysis of the game data is very effective for improving the level and performance of the athletes.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different training programs oriented to improve vertical jump performance and leg stiffness in basketball players. Fifty-eight male basketball players were involved, divided into three age groups (senior, U19 and U17). Subsequently, within any age group, the players were randomLy divided into two training groups, respectively performing a 16-week "hang-clean" training program (HCL), and a "half-squat" training program (HSQ), lasting for the same duration. HCL was based on the hang clean exercise and included also jump rope training; HSQ was based on the half squat exercise and included also speed ladder training. The squat jump (SJ), the countermovement jump without and with arm swing, and with one step approach (respectively, CMJ, CMJS, and TCMJS) and explosive strength indices obtained with a leg stiffness test were assessed pre- and post-training. In senior and U19 athletes both training programs involved an improvement of Vertical Jump performance, with some differences between different age groups. Instead, for the U17 players, only the HSQ led to an enhancement of SJ and TCMJS. Significant enhancement of leg stiffness was observed only in U19 and U17 groups after training. The present study showed that the programs based on the hang-clean and half squat allowed to improve explosive strength in basketball training. However, only HSQ was effective for the U17 group. Thus, the present findings demonstrate that specific training programs should be designed according to the age of the players.

Augmented feedback, which is feedback about movement characteristics provided by an external source, can facilitate performance improvements. Results from recent studies, in which information about the jumping height were presented, indicated increased jumping performance due to augmented feedback. In the present study we aimed to utilize augmented feedback about the jumping height in regular basketball training. Therefore, augmented feedback was implemented and part of the training regime, and information about the jumping height was displayed while subjects performed catch and shoot exercises with the basketball. 18 subjects (9 with augmented feedback, 9 without augmented feedback) practiced for 3 weeks (9 training sessions). The subjects receiving augmented feedback, but not subjects in the control group, displayed increased jumping heights of countermovement-jumps and drop-jumps after the training. The ground contact times of countermovement-jumps and drop-jumps were not significantly changed after training. The number of successful hits, indicating ball performance, did also not change after training. Thus augmented feedback had no detrimental effect on sport-specific performance. The unchanged ground contact times of drop-jumps in combination with increased jumping heights indicate increased efficiency of stretch shortening cycle contractions. According to the positive effect of augmented feedback on jumping performance and the simplicity with which it was integrated into the training regime we recommend this method for regular basketball training. Highlights Augmented feedback about the jumping height in basketball training facilitated jumping height of countermovement-jumps and drop-jumps. The ground contact times were not altered, suggesting increased efficiency of the stretch-shortening cycle during jumping. According to the positive effect and its simple implementation augmented feedback is recommended for regular basketball training.

The study purpose was to investigate the relationship between sprint ability at elementary school and leg length, jump height and leg explosive power. Sports coaching starting at the school level, where students are led and trained to have a strong, skilled, nimble, and agile mentality, athletic is very appropriate. One factor, specifically leg length (anatomy), jump height, and leg explosive power (physiology) in sprinting, affects an athlete's performance. The method Cross-sectional quantitative descriptive research is the method used in this study. A total of 61 male students between the ages of 10 and 12 made up the research sample. Measurements of leg length, jump height, leg explosive power, and a 40-meter sprint are used to obtain data. The normality test, correlation test, and table presentation were used in the descriptive data analysis. The results The results stated that the average leg length was 83.46 ± 5.43 cm, the average jump height was 17.91 ± 5.52 cm, the average explosive power of leg was 1451.61 ± 399.45 watts, and the average speed was 8.70 ± 1.61 m/s. If the calculated r value is less than the r table value, then there is a very weak correlation between the leg length variable and the speed variable. The results of the correlation test between leg length and speed obtained r count 0.137 and r table 0.254. There is a weak correlation between the leg explosive power variable and the speed variable, is evidenced by the correlation test results between leg power and speed, which were r count -0.369 and r table 0.254. There is a strong correlation between the jump height variable and the speed variable, as evidenced by the correlation value test results between the jump height value and the speed value, which show a correlation coefficient value of -0.715 and a sig value of 0.000, which is smaller than 0.05. According to the study's findings, sprint students at elementary school have a correlation between leg length, leg muscle explosive power, and jump height. Keywords: Leg length, Explosive Power, Jump Height, and Sprint

We have read with interest the recent article in The Journal of Physiology by Williams & Folland (2008), who concluded that human physical performance is essentially multifactorial and determined by a range of environmental (physical training, nutrition and technological aids) and genetic factors. Identifying the genes relevant to human athletic performance has been difficult in the past, because each causal gene makes only a small contribution to overall heritability. Accordingly, the adoption of a 'single-gene-as-magic-bullet' philosophy is questionable, especially considering that the 2005 human gene map for physical performance and health-related phenotypes already includes 165 autosomal gene entries and quantitative trait loci, plus five others on the X chromosome (Lippi, 2008). All these genes contribute, however, to generate a cluster of phenotypes. Williams & Folland highlighted that, in addition to the well-established maximal rate of oxygen uptake, at least three other endurance phenotypes (economy of movement, lactate/ventilatory threshold and, potentially, oxygen uptake kinetics) contribute to the endurance performance phenotype (time taken to travel a given distance) seen in elite competition (Williams & Folland, 2008). Evolutionary forces (mutation, environment) apply to elements of the human neural system in precisely the same manner that they do to the physical body. They affect both the intellect and our instincts. Accordingly, human physiological trait variance also has both an environmental and genetic basis, although the classic gene–environment dichotomy is clearly too simplistic to explain the full range of variation for most proximate determinants of athletic performance (Brutsaert & Parra, 2006). It is undeniable that success in competition has a strong physiological basis. 'Mental' factors contributing to success in sports include mental toughness, game knowledge, tactical astuteness, team coherence, status of maturity, anticipation and decision making, and, last but not least, motivation to endure pain during training and competition. Aspiration to victory is an additional hallmark of the champion. Earlier studies have shown that genetic factors account for up to 62% of the variance in daily exercise behaviour and up to 83% of the variance in sports participation (Beunen & Thomis, 1999; Bryan et al. 2007). Regardless of the clear heritability of exercise and competition behaviours, prior research on genetics and sports has mainly focused on athletic performance phenotypes (Williams & Folland, 2008), and largely overlooked the genetic basis of psychological phenotypes that would characterize elite and top-class athletes. However, emerging evidence attests that research on the genetic basis of 'physiological phenotypes' might provide additional, valuable elements to determine 'advantageous' polygenic profiles. As an example, it has been shown that polymorphisms in the gene encoding for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a growth factor that has a broad influence on central and sensory neuronal function, may exert a direct influence on positive mood and strong effects on ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate in response to a bout of aerobic activity (Bryan et al. 2007). It was also demonstrated that genetic variations of the serotonin transporter gene (5HTT) are closely related to the human adaptive ability to control emotions and might strongly influence aggressiveness, positivism and therefore success in competitions (Maliuchenko et al. 2007). The introduction of high-throughput genotyping technologies and microarray-based epigenetic technology now allow us to explore genome-wide associations, gene expression and gene regulation activity (Lippi, 2008). However, limiting the analysis to 'physical' favourable phenotypes would not permit the development of comprehensive predictive models, since a variety of environmental and psychological factors still influence athletic skill and performance. An advantageous physical genotype is not enough to build a top-class athlete, a champion capable of breaking Olympic records, if endurance elite performances (maximal rate of oxygen uptake, economy of movement, lactate/ventilatory threshold and, potentially, oxygen uptake kinetics) (Williams & Folland, 2008) are not supported by a strong mental background.

Purpose: this study aimed to present a novel index to classify athletes using jump height (JH) as an indicator of lower limb performance considering different levels of body mass (BM). Methods: Three hundred fourteen male athletes volunteered to participate of this study. The athletes were evaluated performing the countermovement jump. Sigmoid functions were used to estimate the JH median according to the athlete’s BM and peak power output (PPO). The Jump Sigma Index was proposed, dividing the measured JH by predicted JH for BM or PPO. This index is a percentage metric that allows one to classify the athletes’ JH in four levels (Superior, Median-Superior, Median-Inferior, Inferior). Sigmoid functions (r² = .99; p < .01) were used as an explanatory model for the relationship of JH medians with BM (SigmaBM) and PPO (SigmaPPO) medians for each BM interval. Results: The applicability of the method was verified by the high correlations observed between SigmaBM and SigmaPPO (r = .985, p < .01). The total error of the classification model in the four levels was only 7.9% when comparing the classifications from SigmaBM and SigmaPPO (Kappa = .88; p < .01), indicating almost perfect agreement. Conclusion: The Jump Sigma Index (SigmaBM) is a valid and practical index for classifying athletes using only JH and BM as indicators of lower limb performance.

Hatfield, DL, Murphy, KM, Nicoll, JX, Sullivan, WM, and Henderson, J. Effects of different athletic playing surfaces on jump height, force, and power. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 965-973, 2019-Artificial turfs (ATs) have become more commonplace. Some aspects of performance such as speed seem to be better on ATs, but there are few published studies on the effects of playing surfaces on performance. Furthermore, there is no research that compares performance on ATs, hard surfaces (HSs), and different composite natural surfaces. Forty-three subjects, 21 men (age: 20 ± 1.82 years; height: 177.53 ± 5.87 cm; body mass: 78.44 ± 11.59 kg; and body fat: 11.17 ± 4.45%) and 22 women (age: 25 ± 1.32 years; height: 161.37 ± 6.47 cm; body mass: 60.94 ± 10.24 kg; and body fat: 27.16 ± 7.08%) performed a single countermovement jump (SCMJ), repeated CMJs (RCMJs), and single depth jump (SDJ) on 4 different playing surfaces (peat soil composition turf [NT1], sandy loam composition turf [NT2], 1 AT, and 1 HS. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc was used to calculate differences in performance across playing surfaces. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Force and jump height were not different across different surfaces. Men had significantly higher force, power, and jump height on all surfaces. Only SCMJ power was lower on NT1 compared with all other surfaces. The difference in power between surfaces was not reproduced when RCMJ and SDJ were performed, and may be due to the increased reactiveness of the stretch-shortening cycle during those jumps. Because of marginal differences between athletic performance and playing surface type, future research comparing playing surface type and other aspects of athletic success such as rate of injury should be considered.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether unilateral low-volume, high-intensity isometric strength activation (ISA) can enhance jump performance and bilateral isokinetic flexion and extension strength within 24 and 48 hours post-intervention. Methods: A total of 68 participants (40 males and 28 females) were included, all free from muscle, ligament or skeletal disorders that could affect physical performance, and none had undergone lower limb surgery due to injury in the past year. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group using a balanced randomization scheme. Athletic performance was assessed using unloaded countermovement jump (CMJ), unloaded squat jump (SJ), and isokinetic knee flexion and extension strength tests. The experimental group received an isometric activation protocol, while the control group maintained their regular exercise routines. Results: The isometric activation protocol led to varying degrees of improvement across genders in the experimental group. Among male participants, there were significant increases in CMJ performance 24 hours post-activation, with flight time ((FT): +5%) and jump height ((JH): +9%) both showing statistical significance ( p < 0.05). SJ performance also improved significantly, with FT ( p < 0.01, ES = 1.101) and JH ( p < 0.01, ES = 1.335) demonstrating large effect sizes. Furthermore, SJ performance remained significantly elevated 48 hours post-intervention compared to baseline ( p < 0.05, JH: ES = 0.829). For female participants, SJ performance showed significant improvement 24 hours after activation ( p < 0.05, FT: ES = 1.847; JH: ES = 1.789), although no other significant changes were observed. Regarding knee flexion and extension strength, at an angular velocity of 60°/s, the male group exhibited significantly greater strength at 48 hours post-intervention compared to 24 hours ( p < 0.05, ES = 1.791). In the female group, bilateral knee strength significantly improved at both 24 and 48 hours post-intervention ( p < 0.05, ES = 0.152). Conclusions: ISA interventions can enhance knee joint strength in both male and female participants within 24 and 48 hours post-intervention, and also induce a cross-activation effect. Therefore, when coaches aim to improve athletes' performance in subsequent training sessions or competition days, ISA can be considered as an effective method to activate lower limb strength.

Overtraining often comes about when athletes are unable to fully recover from their training demands. Overtraining affects various aspects of an athlete's physical and/or mental ability to perform at an optimal level. Practical and effective monitoring for overtraining needs to incorporate both physiological and psychological measures that allow for immediate feedback for either the athlete, strength and conditioning specialist or coach in order to keep athletes from suffering from the possible downfalls of overtraining symptoms. This study examined the effect of a competitive collegiate season on drop jump heights and recovery cue seven questionnaire scores in division 1 women's basketball players. Eleven female division one collegiate basketball players (mean ± SD; age = 19.4 ± 1.5 yr; height = 179.4 ± 10.6 cm; weight = 81.0 ± 10.9 kg; BMI = 25.2 ± 3.5 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in the study. Prior to data collection, subjects signed an approved informed consent, were instructed how to complete the recovery cue seven and practiced the drop jump technique. During conference play, players reported to the Biomechanics lab each Wednesday following their day off from mandatory basketball workouts for five weeks. The players completed a recovery cue seven questionnaire. Following a 3-minute warm-up on a cycle-ergometer, players performed a self-selected dynamic warm up. Following the warm up, the investigator visually reviewed the drop jump procedure with the subjects. The subjects then performed two-drop jump trials from a box height of 30 cm, onto a force plate (AMTI, Watertown, MA). Jump height was calculated by multiplying 9.81 by Flight Time2/8. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to analyze each of the seven different scales of the recovery cue seven questionnaire along with jump height. No significant differences (p > 0.01) were found between time points on the recovery cue seven questionnaire or jump height. Although no significant differences were found with this study, future research in this area may need to consider analyzing individual player's results as opposed to analyzing data from the team as a whole. The use of a simple performance test, such as a drop jump and the use of a short psychological assessment, such as the recovery cue seven are very practical tools that can be done on a weekly basis to monitor athlete's levels of fatigue and possible signs of overtraining. Coaches, athletic trainers and strength and conditioning specialists may benefit by implementing weekly measurements of fatigue into training as a way of monitoring for possible signs of overtraining or underrecovery.

Endurance and arm power are essential physical components for an athlete's success in competition and training. However, traditional training programs often fail to effectively address both components simultaneously. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of training using the circuit method on enhancing endurance and arm power. This study is experimental research utilizing a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were twenty junior male athletes aged 15 to 17 years. The training program was conducted three times a week over six weeks and included eight different exercises. The instruments used were a table tennis arm power measurement tool and a beep test to assess aerobic endurance. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test. The results of the data normality test showed a significance value (Sig.) greater than 0.05, indicating that the data were normally distributed and suitable for further analysis. Further testing for the effectiveness of the training program using a paired sample t-test showed a significant increase: both endurance and arm power reached a p-value of 0.000. The findings showed that circuit training, involving eight types of exercises, significantly improved athletes’ endurance and arm power. Specifically, there was a significant average increase in endurance and arm power after following the training program. These results underscore the potential benefits of using a circuit training method with eight different exercises to improve the performance of table tennis athletes.

In the fast-paced and highly competitive modern world of team sports, where success in competitions is linked to athletes' physical abilities, their emotional and mental potential, the phenomenon of athletes' emotional well-being is important. Emotional well-being refers to how well people are able to accept and manage their emotions, feelings, experiences and even cope with problems throughout life. This article presents a comprehensive theoretical, psychological analysis of the relationship and interaction between emotional well-being and successful sports results in team sports. A review of modern psychological research and publications on the problem under study is aimed at identifying the relationship between emotional competence, leadership, sports performance and emotional well-being of professional athletes in team sports. The goals of this study are to examine and reveal the relationships and interactions between emotional well-being and the performance of athletes in team sports. The tasks of this research suggest a theoretical study of the problem of emotional competence, leadership and their impact on the emotional well-being and daily functioning of team sports athletes. Using research methods including psychological assessment, interviews, surveys, and in-depth interviews, we gather the necessary data to illuminate the relationships between emotional well-being and the performance of athletes in team sports. This article includes essential research points, addresses the problem under study, reviews recent research, and highlights unsolved aspects in the field of emotional well-being of athletes in team sports. The results of the research can be used to develop educational and training programs aimed at increasing the emotional competence of athletes, to increase their effectiveness in interpersonal and group interaction and to achieve success in competitions in team sports.

Vertical jumps are regularly implemented in assessments of leg strength and power given the clear relationship between power and jump height. While many investigations have had various successes predicting jump height using complex methodologies, a simplistic method for identifying variables that predict jump height would prove useful to develop training programs. PURPOSE: To analyze the vertical ground reaction force during single leg vertical jumps (SLVJ) and bilateral vertical jumps (BVJ) with the aim of predicting jump height. METHODS: 17 physically active adults (9M, 8F; age = 24 ± 5yrs; mass = 71.0 ± 12.5kg; height = 1.74 ± 0.10m) performed 5 unilateral and 7 bilateral jumps with each foot on an independent force plate. Two sacral markers were tracked with an 8-camera motion capture system to determine jump height. Peak vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs), minimum vGRFs, rate of force development, rate of force reduction, loading rate, and impulse were calculated and extracted from the propulsion and landing phases of each jump trial. All variables were entered into a stepwise regression to identify which variables predicted vertical jump height. Variables were retained if the model was statistically significant at the p<.05 and variables were extracted if the model increased to p=.10. RESULTS: A model consisting of rate of force reduction during landing, minimum vGRF during landing, peak vGRF during propulsion and the rate of force development during propulsion explained single leg jump height on the right leg (r-squared = .94+/- .02). Rate of force reduction was the only significant predictor of single leg jump height on the left leg (r-squared = .76+/- .03). Finally, bilateral jump height was explained using a combined model of peak vGRF during propulsion, minimum force during landing and the propulsive impulse (r-squared = .89+/- .03). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that jump height of SLVJ and BVJ can be accurately predicted by calculating loading rates, impulse, and extracting peak and minimum values from vertical ground reaction forces. Differences between right SLVJ and left SLVJ may result from different neural control strategies used to complete each jump. Lastly, these variables may identify aspects of jump height that could be implemented during training to improve jump performance.

Countermovement jumps (CMJs) are widely used in athlete training, performance monitoring and research as an indicator of power output. Despite extensive scientific research on CMJs, data for elite track and field athletes is limited, particularly for non-sprint events and female athletes. The purpose of this study was threefold: (i) to compare CMJ performance between elite sprinters and high jumpers; (ii) to compare CMJ performance between elite male and female athletes in these two events; and (iii) to determine which CMJ take-off parameters correlated most strongly with jump height. Twenty-seven elite athletes (sprinters: nine male and seven female; high jumpers: five male and six female) completed three maximal CMJs. Jump height and take-off phase parameters were obtained from the force–time data and compared between groups; additionally, time series comparisons were performed on the force, power and displacement data. There was no difference in jump height or any of the take-off parameters between the sprinters and high jumpers; however, the time series analysis indicated that the sprinters maintained a lower centre of mass position during the latter concentric phase. The male athletes jumped higher than the female athletes (by 10.0 cm or 24.2%; p &lt; 0.001) with significantly greater body weight normalised peak power (17.9%, p = 0.002) and significantly shorter eccentric time (17.4%, p = 0.035). Jump height was most strongly correlated with peak power. In addition, jump height was also strongly correlated with positive impulse and both minimum and mean concentric centre of mass position. These results support the importance of accounting for event and gender when investigating CMJ performance.

Weighted vest (WV) use has been explored as a modifier of jumping and landing performance in athletes, but it is unclear whether performance is modified with different WV loading arrangements. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the effects of different external load arrangements on vertical jump height and lower-extremity biomechanics during a countermovement jump and (b) understand the effects on men versus women. A scaled musculoskeletal gait model in OpenSim was used with sagittal plane inverse kinematics procedures for 24 participants (75.71 ± 18.88 Kg; 1.71 ± 0.09 m) performing jump-landing in four weighted vest loading conditions (back-loaded, front-loaded, split-loaded, unloaded). Mixed-model factorial analyses of variance (α=0.05) and effect sizes (ES) were used to identify and quantify differences between sexes and loading conditions. Regardless of loading conditions, men showed greater jump height (p&lt;0.001, ES=2.22) and greater hip (p&lt;0.001, ES=1.59), and knee (p=0.026, ES=0.90) moments. No significant difference in the hip (p=0.478, ES=0.30) or knee (p=0.580, ES=0.23) angular displacement was observed between men and women. Without considering sex, the unloaded condition showed greater jump height (p&lt;0.001, ES=0.4), hip displacement (p=0.006, ES=0.34), and hip (p=0.019, ES=0.36) and knee (p=0.004, ES=0.48) moments when compared to the back-loaded condition. Jump height (p=0.04, ES=0.1) and hip moments (p=0.028, ES=0.36) were also greater for the split-loaded compared to the back-loaded condition. Both the unloaded and split-loaded conditions showed greater jump height (p&lt;0.001, ES=0.4; p&lt;0.001, ES=0.3) and hip moments (p&lt;0.001, ES=0.55; p=0.003, ES=0.35) compared with the front-loaded condition. A significantly greater magnitude of the hip displacement was detected for the split-loaded condition compared to the front-loaded condition (p&lt;0.001, ES=0.19). These results indicate that different external loading arrangements significantly affect the biomechanical performance output and a difference in the load accommodation strategy between men and women during the weighting, unweighting, breaking, and propulsion phases of jumping.

Changes of vertical jump height in response to acute and repetitive fatiguing conditions