Abstract
This work explores the impact of the rapid growth of plug-in electric vehicles on wholesale electricity pricing. Understanding electric vehicle impacts on the grid is important for the mid- and long-range planning of transmission owners, distribution utilities, and regional system operators. Current research in electric vehicles considers technology adoption projections and the infrastructure needed to support electric vehicle growth. This work considers how projected electric vehicle growth in the State of Wisconsin would impact the transmission congestion and wholesale electricity pricing in the year 2030. We find minimal impacts on electricity prices (<2%) even under rapid growth assumptions, in which EVs comprise 5% of all vehicles in 2030. The increases seen in hourly locational marginal prices (LMPs) due to projected electric vehicle growth are, on average, less than those seen in annual changes of historic electricity prices in Wisconsin. We do find moderate, relative increases in congestion prices (+16–32%), which could provide an opportunity to align electric vehicle charging schedules with times of low transmission congestion.
Highlights
The transmission system was built to accommodate delivery of power from generators to loads given a snapshot in time
The transportation technologies discussed will be mainly passenger vehicles, light-duty vehicles, and fleet vehicles registered with the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT)
hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) use an internal combustion engine (ICE) system along with an electric propulsion system, resulting in improved fuel economy and performance compared to standard ICE vehicles
Summary
The transmission system was built to accommodate delivery of power from generators to loads given a snapshot in time. As both the world’s generation mix and load profiles evolve, electric transmission systems must adapt. One indication that new transmission lines are needed is an increase in power flow congestion on existing lines. Concern over how the transmission grid must evolve to accommodate increased electric vehicle charging load has arisen among practitioners. State regulators are tasked with protecting ratepayer interests and ensuring any increase in electricity operational costs are justified by system need. The delicate balance of transmission system planning given changing generation and load is overseen by the Regional Transmission Operators, of which both transmission owners and regulators are participatory stakeholders.
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