Abstract
Background and objectiveWhile tobacco cigarette smoking has been proven to be a risk factor for periodontitis, limited information is available regarding vaping, a new alternative to smoking that has been branded as less harmful. Several important in vitro studies have shown that vaping has a similarly damaging effect as cigarette smoking on the health of the periodontium. However, a comprehensive review is lacking in this field. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the literature about the impact of vaping on periodontitis.MethodsThe research question was created using the PICOs format. A systematic search of the following electronic databases was performed up to March 2020: Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and grey literature. Human studies that assessed periodontal status (plaque index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, marginal bone loss, and probing depth) in e‐cigarette users compared to non‐smokers (control group) were assessed based on an estimate of fixed effects. The weights of the studies were calculated based on their risks of bias.ResultsAfter duplicates were removed, 1,659 studies were screened and 8 case–control studies that investigated the relationship between vaping and periodontal parameters in humans were selected after their risk of bias assessment. Estimated effects of vaping after weighting results based on their standard deviation showed increased plaque, marginal bone loss, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, and reduced bleeding on probing.ConclusionThis study concluded that there is not enough evidence to fully characterize the impacts of vaping on periodontitis. However, within the limitations of our review and the selected included studies, the available results point to increased destruction of the periodontium leading to the development of the disease.
Highlights
IntroductionPeriodontal diseases are defined as an inflammatory process associated with bacterial activity and mediated by the host's immunologic response (Armitage, 1999; Tonetti et al, 2018)
These studies looked at differences between plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth (PD), marginal bone loss (MBL) mesial, and MBL distal
PI values were consistently higher in vaping groups compared to control
Summary
Periodontal diseases are defined as an inflammatory process associated with bacterial activity and mediated by the host's immunologic response (Armitage, 1999; Tonetti et al, 2018). Another study analyzed the effects of cigarette smoking on periodontal parameters and found significant increases in plaque index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss levels in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers (Javed et al, 2017). Human studies that assessed periodontal status (plaque index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment loss, marginal bone loss, and probing depth) in e-cigarette users compared to nonsmokers (control group) were assessed based on an estimate of fixed effects. Estimated effects of vaping after weighting results based on their standard deviation showed increased plaque, marginal bone loss, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, and reduced bleeding on probing. Within the limitations of our review and the selected included studies, the available results point to increased destruction of the periodontium leading to the development of the disease
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