The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Transport Poverty

Purpose Studies showed that sustainable cities and communities through affordable and accessible housing provision have a significant positive relation with good health and well-being (Sustainable Development Goal 3). Therefore, Nigeria’s slum locations may promote infectious diseases if not addressed. Extant literature about the issues facing affordable housing provision in slum locations is scarce. This study investigated the issues and proffered suggestions to improve affordable housing provision in slum locations and, by extension, improve mitigating infectious diseases and achieving Goal 3. Design/methodology/approach The researchers utilised a qualitative research design using a phenomenology approach. This study employed snowball and purposive sampling techniques to select the experts, and 40 interviews were conducted to achieve saturation across five major cities in Nigeria. This study utilised a thematic analysis of the primary data and findings presented in the themes. Findings The findings reveal that infectious/contagious diseases spread faster in slum locations. Lax slum housing upgrading programmes, weak institutional framework, inadequate housing funding, rural-urban migration, inadequate affordable housing policy, lax political will, absence of basic infrastructure in sub-urban locations, high rate of unemployment and lack of national housing database were identified as the issues facing Nigeria’s affordable housing provision in slum locations. Findings suggested measures to mitigate infectious/contagious diseases through affordable housing provision and, by extension, improve achieving Goal 3. Originality/value Besides pro-affordable housing programmes, governments should strengthen public housing institutions by upgrading slum locations with affordable housing, providing basic amenities in sub-urban locations and establishing a sustainable institutional framework to boost affordable housing.

Title of Document: IMPACT OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT ON MODE CHOICE WITH CONSIDERATION FOR SELF SELECTION AND MULTIMODAL ACCESSIBILITY Babak Baghaei, Master of Science, 2014 Directed By: Dr. Lei Zhang, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The U.S Department of Transportation allocated $10 million in 2013 to provide funding to advance planning efforts that support Transit Oriented Development (TOD) associated with new fixed guideway and core capacity improvement projects. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is generally considered to be a type of pedestrian-friendly community development around the major transit station that promotes transit ridership, increases non-motorized travel and encourages local economic development. This thesis is an effort to analyze the effect of TOD on travel mode choice in both Washington, DC, and Baltimore metropolitan areas using the MWCOG 2007 household travel survey. A relatively new method in the transportation field called “Propensity Score Matching” was used to address the selfselection, and statistical models were developed to evaluate the impact of TOD on mode choice. The results indicated that after controlling for self-selection, TOD has a significant impact on boosting transit ridership and increasing active mode of travel. IMPACT OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT ON MODE CHOICE WITH CONSIDERATION FOR MULTIMODAL ACCESSIBILITY AND SELF SELECTION

Limited-profit housing associations are established players in Vienna’s housing market. The exorbitant rise in land and construction costs in recent years and increasing demand for affordable housing have far-reaching implications for the provision of affordable housing in Vienna. These developments are causing shifts not only in the housing market in general, but also within the nonprofit sector. This paper approaches these shifts at the level of limited-profit housing associations and examines a) which interpretations of affordability and related challenges can be found in the field of limited-profit housing, and b) which practices are applied in the provision of (affordable) housing. Empirically, the article draws on interviews with board members, managing directors and project developers from the limited-profit housing sector, which were conducted between 2020 and 2021. Finally, implications for the limited-profit sector in Vienna and for the provision of (affordable) housing are discussed. English title: The provision of affordable housing in times of the housing crisis. Interpretations and practices of the non-profit sector in Vienna

Transit-oriented design (TOD) – an increase in density around transit stations – has arisen in many of Australia’s capital cities as a way to encourage mass transit ridership as well as to efficiently utilize the increase in foot and vehicle traffic that transit stations create. However, the implementation of TODs in Melbourne has faced strong opposition due to residents’ perception that the disamenities of a TOD will outweigh the benefits resulting in negative impacts on property prices. This research analyzes the relationship between proximity to a TOD and residential home prices. Results indicate that proximity to a TOD is positively related to property prices, even after controlling for neighborhood factors such as street connectivity and overall land use mix. By testing a variety of transformations of distance, we find that the benefits of TOD proximity extend approximately 1250 m from the Box Hill station. From a methodological standpoint, we find that more flexible treatments of distance variables in spatial autoregressive and spline models produce better model fit and lead to results more in line with urban economic theory.

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)-based residential areas have emerged as a solution to address urbanization and mobility challenges in metropolitan regions. This concept offers housing with easy access to public transportation and various supporting facilities. However, despite its numerous benefits, public adoption of the TOD concept remains varied. This study aims to identify key factors within the TOD framework that influence individuals' intention to reside in TOD-based areas. Using a quantitative approach and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data were collected from potential residents interested in purchasing properties within TOD projects connected to Jabodebek LRT and KRL networks. The results indicate that conducive and seamless pedestrian environment, affordability and quality of the public transport system, pedestrian amenities, and compact and mixed-development concept all have a significant influence on individuals’ intention to reside in TOD areas. The implications of this study provide a valuable foundation for developers in designing more attractive and context-responsive TOD communities that align with the needs and preferences of urban populations.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the implementation and impact of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) on public amenities in Malaysia. TOD known as an urban design approach aimed to enhanced public spaces and amenities through sustainable development around transportation hubs. This study aims to examines specifically the situation in Malaysia and analyse the effectiveness of TOD in improving urban public facilities. This paper focus to determine the main goals of TOD development in Malaysia, such as land use efficiency, minimize traffic congestion, improving access to public transport, and creating liveable communities. This paper also examines the role of mixed-use development, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and densification in the design of public facilities in the TOD area. Furthermore, this study explores the specific benefits of TOD for public amenities in Malaysia. TOD are developed not only to benefit and improve the welfare of resident, but it creates the integrated public spaces such as parks, religious facilities and recreational areas to promote community participation. Besides that, proximity to essential services such as schools, medical facilities and shopping malls was also examined focusing on the convenience and accessibility TOD provides. There are several challenges faced in the TOD implementation in Malaysia and proposes strategies to be highlight in this research paper. Key factors for the success of TOD projects determined by the effective cooperation between the public and private sectors, government support policies, and community involvement. The research method used for this paper is qualitative research. A comprehensive analysis of related statutes, rules and regulations, research papers, journals, articles, thesis and electronic materials will be conducted. This research paper will highlight the importance of sustainable urban development, reduced environmental impact and improved quality of life for Malaysians.

People living in peripheral rural areas are often considered to be prone to transport poverty and inaccessibility to activities. Previous identifications of transport poverty have mainly relied on accessibility measures based on land-use and transport data. However, such measures may be very different from how people themselves perceive accessibility. Therefore, explicitly considering perceptions of accessibility may be valuable in evaluating the nature of accessibility issues such as transport poverty. By conducting semi-structured focus group discussions in Zeeland, a rural area of the Netherlands, this paper shows that the mechanisms behind transport poverty are mediated by individual perceptions of accessibility. Local social norms related to accessibility appear to be important in shaping these perceptions. In peripheral rural areas, norms reflecting the dominance of the private car add to the negative appropriation of other transport options and shape expectations with respect to accessibility. Therefore, taking account of perceptions of accessibility, and the ways these are shaped, adds to the understanding of the nature of accessibility issues and is considered vital in designing responsive policies.

Few previous studies have linked transit-oriented development (TOD) patterns and property values at the station level in the Chinese context. Using Shanghai as a case study, we obtained 21,094 transaction records within the 800 m radius catchment areas of 280 urban rail stations from a local property agency. A performance-based TOD indicator framework was established to capture built-environment features for density, diversity, and design dimensions. Using open-source geospatial data, we generated a series of TOD indicators for each station catchment area and further developed a composite TOD index with information entropy weighting. The results of multilevel regression models showed that within urban rail station catchment areas, residential properties with higher TOD levels were positively associated with higher value. In addition, increasing pedestrian and bike accessibility and integrating diversified urban functions around stations could create more value for nearby residential properties.

Since the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) was first introduced in the late twentieth century, there has been a notable increase in the quantity and quality of research dedicated to transit-oriented development. However, further research is required on the role of accessibility in TOD evaluation methods and the impact of TOD on station catchment area accessibility. This research reconsiders TOD assessment methods in light of the pivotal role of accessibility in land-use and transportation planning. The results were summarized by categorizing the different types, measures, and roles of accessibility in TOD assessment methodologies, as well as their impact on the travel behavior and travel demand of TOD residents. The outcomes of this review were used to propose an accessibility-oriented TOD planning framework that considers different accessibility types and measures.

This research measures the influence of transit-oriented development (TOD) on the San Diego, CA, condominium market. Many view TOD as a key element in creating a less auto dependent and more sustainable transport system. Price premiums indicate a potential for a market-driven expansion of TOD inventory. A hedonic price model is estimated to isolate statistically the effect of TOD. This includes interaction terms between station distance and various measures of pedestrian orientation. The resulting model shows that station proximity has a significantly stronger impact when coupled with a pedestrian-oriented environment. Conversely, station area condominiums in more auto-oriented environments may sell at a discount. This indicates that TOD has a synergistic value greater than the sum of its parts. It also implies a healthy demand for more TOD housing in San Diego.

This research examines whether transit-oriented development (TOD) contributes to housing value resilience in Atlanta, Georgia. We developed two spatial hedonic models using property sale records to examine whether being located in TOD areas contributes to the resilience of housing prices during and after the Great Recession, compared to being located in transit-adjacent development areas. Our results suggest that there is a growing demand for TOD properties in recent years, which contributes to maintaining and faster regaining property values in TOD areas. Our results support future investment in TOD areas and also suggest challenges to incorporating affordable housing in TOD designs.

Provision of affordable Housing is a basic human need, and in a developing economy such as Nigeria, the government is continuously seeking innovative means of tackling the challenge of housing deficit. The growing population coupled with the lack of adequate housing has necessitated the need for a strategy by architects and designers to proffer solutions that will complement government housing policies. This study aims to propose adaptable design strategies in the provision of affordable mass housing in a developing economy like Nigeria. To achieve that, the following objectives were pursued: to propose strategies for land-use efficiency, to recommend guidelines for flexibility in design and to incorporate end users’ opinion in the design of mass housing schemes. The study adopted the qualitative research method through the review of existing case studies. Among the recommendations made was proposing guidelines on adaptable design that will aid architects and designers in the design of affordable mass housing schemes.

Emerging research suggests that planners and policy makers should explore the expanded role Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) plays in promoting innovation and economic growth. TOD station characteristics including accessibility, walkability, density, and mixed uses may create environments beneficial for creative and knowledge industries. However, the evidence linking place to productivity, as measured by firm sales volume is lacking. Using cluster analysis and Propensity Score Matching for national-level data, this research tests these relationships. Findings indicate that firms located in dense, mixed use, and walkable TODs with higher levels of activity experience increased sales. Hence, TOD and knowledge-based economic development strategies should be planned in tandem to maximize outcomes.

Sub-divided units (SDU) and the similar type of tiny accommodation namely cage home and cubicle apartment have been existed in Hong Kong for a long period of time. Despite the factthat the living condition of those flats is usually undesirable, there are views in the community that there is demand in the market because these flats can provide affordable urban accommodation to those who are not eligible for Public Rental Housing (PRH) or those who wish to live in the urban area which is closer to their workplaces or their children's place of study at a cheaper rent.
\nThe repeated fire incidents happened in the tenement buildings consisted of SDU causing number of casualties has widely aroused the public concern about the safety of SDU. Although the HK government has been implementing measures since 2011 to tackle the problems of SDU, the number of people living in SDU has still greatly increased from 53,000 in 2007 to 171,300 in 2013, accounting for 2.4% total population of Hong Kong. In fact, the increase of SDU not only reflects that many low-income group cannot afford the high housing rent, but also many households are being forced into inappropriate or sub-standard accommodation. J Pynoons, R Schafer, C Hartman (2012) stated that the quality and location of housing affect the security, happiness, and stability of families, and have serious implications for the economic and social wellbeing of our urban areas. The problems arising from SDUs not only affect the individual of tenants, but also impose hazard to the building management, fire safety, building structure and social order.
\nDue to speculation and limited land supply, the problems of SDUs were still remained unsettled and the housing price has still been escalating to a higher recorded price causing shortage of adequate housing supply and thus the increase of rental price on housing. With rents escalating and Housing Authority waiting lists lengthening, low income households, particular the households who were not eligible to or awaiting for PRH were forced into inappropriate and sub-standard accommodation.
\nAlthough the government has formed a long Term Housing Strategy (LTHS) Steering Committee to look into the housing problems of grassroots families, it would not see the proposed measures shall immediately solve the housing problems, particularly in relation to SDUs within a short period of time. All the proposed measures require number of years to plan, discuss and compromise with different parties.
\nThe goal of this dissertation is to review the phenomenon of SDU and to study the reasons of trend of such phenomenon. Without a thorough understanding on the phenomenon of SDU and the reasons of trend, no proper measures shall be implemented to tackle the problems of SDU.
\nThe phenomenon of SDU shall be deemed to be the result of number of reasons relating to land supply and housing demand. The ever rising housing price, the attitude and direction of property developers, the housing policy towards affordable housing and the high cost of living are the factors affecting the supply and demand of affordable housing whereas decreasing vacancy in the private rental market, lack of funding, lack of private development of affordable housing, increasing rent prices, lack of long-term affordable housing planning and the absence of a comprehensive housing policy cause the supply of affordable housing cannot meet the increasing demand. Besides, the attitude of people who worried that affordable housing will increase traffic, reduce their property values and lack of safety in their communities, no one wants to be near or to have additional affordable housing in their communities. These attitudes further make the government difficult to find suitable locations for affordable housing.
\nBesides, various articles and news revealed that many people living in SDU are single parenthood, mental illness, disable and addiction to drugs and drink. However, there is no survey to reflect or indicate the real situation. Government should look into the real situation and to effect proper measures to tackle the problems of the above people.

Housing the urban poor is a prevalent challenge in developing economies, regardless of the research attention and policy interventions over the years. It becomes essential to employ innovative approaches in investigating the challenge of affordable housing (AH) provision to achieve effective AH provision in developing economies. It is pragmatic to thoroughly explore expert solutions to the difficult task of housing the urban poor. To achieve this, focus group discussion and semi‐structured interviews with housing experts in Nigeria were conducted in this study. The recordings were transcribed and analysed using NVivo; following descriptive, content and thematic analyses of data we found that deliberate government policies to include the urban poor are the most significant housing solutions consistent across the entire housing supply value chain (HSVC). Major findings are that mainstreaming the use of alternative housing construction materials and strategies, deliberate finance models to target the urban poor and deliberate reservation of some urban land for housing the urban poor are strategies that will enhance AH provision. These are insights into critical solutions to AH constraints and are informative for effective AH provision for the urban poor in Nigeria; an essential ingredient for sustainable development goals. This study is first to explore experts' opinions in relation to HSVC to showcase significant solutions to AH provision challenges. Data from this study are essential for future pro‐poor housing studies. Recommendations are that AH interventions should be informed by research for more effective and sustainable results.