The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on English Literature: A Case Study in Romantic Literature

Teaching and Learning Guide for: Ecocriticism and Eighteenth‐Century English Studies

It goes without saying that during the nineteenth and twentieth century literary historiography tries to define national identities. However, a methodological and paradigm shift occur at the beginning of the twenty-first century when, under the auspices of globalization and the emergence of world literature and transnational literary studies, literary historiography is re-thought as a collective and transnational project. Yet, the asymmetry of the world literary system affects literary historiography too. When it comes to this scholarly genre, the asymmetry is most visible in the fact that in the era of transnationalism, national histories are still written at the periphery. Given the aforementioned observation, this paper a) looks into the challenges of writing literary history in Romania in the age of world literature and transnational studies, and b) tries to explain why a national literary history is still needed and how it can change the way we think about Romanian literature. The starting point of this inquiry is represented by the publication of Mihai Iovănel’s Istoria literaturii române contemporane: 1990-2020 [History of Contemporary Romanian Literature: 1990-2020]. In the context of the ‘transnational turn’ in literary studies, the attempt to write relevant national histories in a peripheral literary space such as Romania is faced, in my view, with two major challenges: 1) the fact that transnationalism manifests itself differently at the periphery and 2) the tradition of Romanian literary criticism and history. The former refers to the fact that unlike central literatures, where transnationalism is shaped to a large extent by migrant writers (those who enter these literatures), in Romanian literature it comprises exiled or migrant writers (those who left Romania and not vice versa) and, to a lesser extent, the literatures written by ethnic minorities. A comparative approach can cast light on this difference. For example, while the thirteenth volume of The Oxford English Literary History is dedicated entirely to migrant and bicultural writers, transnational histories concerning the peripheries, such as History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, focus on multiple literary spaces and therefore have a different approach to dealing with transnationalism. The latter challenge is represented, as shown by Iovănel, by the long-lasting tradition of the “principle of aesthetic autonomism”, which persists even in post-communist Romania. In this regard, this paper aims to show that Iovănel’s History… overcomes the above-mentioned hindrances of literary criticism and succeeds in offering an image of Romanian literature not as confined to its national boundaries but as part of the world literary system. Along with other significant scholarly works on Romanian literature as and in world literature, this project is a significant step towards re-thinking Romanian literature as a “literature of the world” (Terian 2015).

Were labour markets highly segmented or well integrated in the past? Do they become better integrated over time as modem economic growth unfolds? These are important questions.(Hatton and Williamson 1993, 89)Profits depend on successful responses to prices in commodity and factor markets, which did not exist before capitalism. Entrepreneurs are most likely to succeed if they operate in perfect markets. In the labour market this requires flexibility: the capacity to treat labour like a commodity, hiring and firing atomized individuals in numbers and at wages appropriate to prices in other markets. Flexible labour supplies characterized periods of rapid economic growth in history. However, labour proletarianization was historically and geographically varied. Even in principle, because labour is not a true commodity, the market on which it is supplied must be imperfect. In practice, imperfections were massive in the coal industry in the industrial revolution because pre‐existing workers' cultural traits survived and evolved. A range of examples shows that this ensured wide regional variations in the responses of heavily segmented labour markets as coal output grew, which ramified into other segments of regional labour markets. A more detailed case study shows that south‐west Lancashire colliers controlled recruitment through family labour groups and kinship networks; labour was not available in atomized units. Women miners made the region's labour market distinctive, with marked cultural and political effects beyond the coal industry and that region. Because it brought rapid demographic growth, family labour recruitment aided the expansion of production. It ensured a large reserve army if growth slowed, even if demand for labour was rising outside mining. Although it did not promote technological innovation and therefore increased wages and profits in the long run, this imperfect labour market initially benefited development by providing a particular kind of labour‐market flexibility in the coal industry.

It is always difficult, when thinking of the evolu tion of a social or economic system, to free ourselves from the tyranny of illusions. No intelligent person now believes in a Golden Age thousands of years ago. It was not polite of Dr. Johnson, when Lord Monboddo-?who did believe in a Golden Age? pointing to his ancient house said, ' In such houses, our ancestors lived who were better men than we,' to reply, c No, no, my lord, we are as strong as they, and a great deal wiser.' But, intellectually, we all agree with the doctor. Emotionally, how ever, we react differently. Perhaps, because one of the most beautiful passages in Roman literature is an eulogy of an agricultural labourer's life (Vergil. Georg. II, 458 474) ; perhaps, because some of us?like the author of the poem?have earned in cities the means of living in the country without being agricultural labourers, we do look back upon England before the ' Industrial Revolution ' with regret. Certainly intelligent men could, without being romantic poets have that feeling at the end of the 18th century. It was not a poet but a statesman who wrote :

The current world economy is facing a huge paradigm shift. Many argue that the period of rapid growth, which lasted for about 200 years, has come to an end, and we are facing a period of stagnation and low growth. The economy of tangibles has reached its limits, and the world is in need of a new industrial revolution. In this new industrial revolution, the world economy needs to focus on the intangible goods to increase consumption and employment. Unlike tangibles, intangible goods are infinite resources that are based on the infinite needs of consumers. We suggest that the world economy needs a shift to focus on the intangible services sector to overcome the current low growth. In the current research, we suggest a new framework to measure the degree of development for service sectors, which in turn, will expedite the development of the service industry. In the newly developed “Service Industry Development Index (SIDI),” we suggest to include dimensions such as productivity of added value, perception of services, business environment, horizontality of industry, legal and institutional advancement, subdivision of occupations, and globalization. In the current research, we initiate the efforts in developing a standardized index, however, we suggest different parties around the world take part in discussing this issue for development of a refined SIDI in the future.

Japan's new industrial era— I. Restructuring traditional industries

Aim: Life has accelerated in the world, especially after the Industrial Revolution. Local food, craft, and homemade products have been replaced by industrial products based on the mass production of machines and cities have gone through a period of rapid growth. Today, unplanned growth and rapid population growth have caused serious problems in cities and negatively affected urban life. In these unplanned urbanization activities, practices that can harm the natural environment and cultural heritage of the cities have emerged. These factors create the problem of losing local identity in cities today. To prevent the problems that arise in this situation, it is necessary to protect the local identity, cultural, natural, and historical heritage in the cities. In this context, the promises of the Cittaslow movement, whose aim is to "protect nature, local and all existing cultural values", and the benefits it will bring if implemented, have attracted attention recently. Cittaslow is a reaction to the fast lifestyle imposed by globalization. Cittaslow is applied in many settlements around the world today. This study, it is aimed to investigate how the Cittaslow movement can be applied to Harput and the achievements that the Harput region can achieve with the Cittaslow criteria. Method: Suggestions for Harput were developed within the scope of Cittaslow criteria by evaluating the expert opinions obtained by the survey method within the scope of the research and analyzing the current situation of the field. Results: The findings obtained within the scope of the study were that positive results would be obtained if the cittaslow approach was applied directly or in principle to Harput. Conclusion: If Harput is declared as Cittaslow, the historical settlement will become an important ancient city again, although it does not fully regain its importance in history due to the destructions it has suffered. Another method in this regard is to apply only the Cittaslow criteria to Harput as an urban policy.

Neonatal ontogeny and neurotoxic effect of decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209) on levels of synaptophysin and tau

The tracheal epithelium of infant ferrets undergoes rapid postnatal maturation over the first month of life to achieve the pseudostratified columnar configuration characteristic of the large airways of other mammals. We have used in vivo pulsing with tritiated thymidine ((3)HT) to elicit autoradiographic labeling of cells synthesizing nucleic acids in order to characterize more fully the contribution to development of different cell types comprising the nascent epithelial layer during this period of rapid growth. These studies indicate that two distinct populations of epithelial cells possess proliferative potential and contribute to the establishment of the mature adult epithelial layer. These investigations further confirm the mitotic potential of basal cells during a period of rapid postnatal growth and development of the tracheal epithelial layer. These studies also document the contribution to early airway development by non-ciliated cells, which predominate on the luminal border of the ferret trachea at birth. The temporal and histologic patterns of airway epithelial maturation during post-natal life in the ferret as contained in this study exhibit similarities to those which occur with recovery from injury by infection and irritant exposure in mature airways. Thus, the characterization of epithelial cell compartments having proliferative potential may provide insights into the mechanisms whereby normal airway epithelial organization is established and maintained during development as well as the possible recapitulation of these mechanisms during times of epithelial regeneration following injury.

ObjectivesTo examine whether during a period of limited e-cigarette regulation and rapid growth in their use, smoking began to become renormalised among young people.DesignInterrupted time-series analysis of repeated cross-sectional time-series...

During the last 3 days of fetal development in the rodent, a burst of hepatocyte proliferation results in a tripling of liver size. Despite stimulation of mitogenesis via multiple signaling pathways, including some that are considered stress response pathways, little apoptosis accompanies this cell growth. Given the accepted role of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in preventing hepatocellular apoptosis during proliferation in mid-development, we predicted that NF-kappaB would be functional during the period of rapid growth during late gestation in the rat. NF-kappaB binding in electrophoretic mobility shift assays was low in embryonic day (E) 19 liver nuclear extracts relative to adult liver nuclear extracts. An additional band that was present in E19 liver was purified and identified as nucleolin. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) administration to E19 embryos in utero produced minimal induction of NF-kappaB p50 homodimers and p50/p65 heterodimers, yet baseline apoptosis was not affected. Although p65 was present in E19 hepatocyte cytoplasm in amounts comparable to adult liver, we observed little translocation of p65 to the liver nuclei following TNF-alpha administration. Additionally, expression of several NF-kappaB-responsive genes remained minimally induced in E19 liver following TNF-alpha treatment. In conclusion, although the NF-kappaB components are present in late-gestation fetal liver, NF-kappaB as a transcription factor is relatively inactive and unresponsive to TNF-alpha. Given this finding and the high level of proliferation in late-gestation fetal liver, we predict that alternative antiapoptotic mechanisms are active during this period of rapid hepatic growth.

SUMMARY Growth rates of migrating and non‐migrating populations of two strains of freshwater cryptophytes, CCAP 979/67 and 979/62, under different light and nutrient regimes were calculated from experiments conducted in laboratory columns which were thermally stratified. During the experiments, cellular carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbohydrate and protein were also analysed. The intention was that the populations would become either phosphorus‐ or nitrogen‐depleted following a period of growth. In all experiments, populations of cryptophytes grew but growth appeared of short duration. In a phosphorus depletion experiment with Cryptomonas 979/67, there was a period of rapid growth starting on day 2 and finishing on day 8, during which the estimated growth rate was c. 0.9 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, the period of rapid growth of C. 979/67 lasted only for 2–3 days with a growth rate of c. 0.85 div. day‐1. In a phosphorus depletion experiment with C. 979/62, the onset of a period of rapid growth coincided with the commencement of diel vertical migration. The highest growth rate was estimated as c. 1.0 div. day‐1. In a nitrogen depletion experiment, C. 979/62 did not migrate and attained a growth rate of only 0.28 div. day‐1. For C. 979/67 the highest observed growth rate was lower than the maximum potential growth rate of 1.38 div. day‐1 estimated in batch culture. For C. 979/62 the maximum growth rate in the column was similar to the maximum potential growth rate of 0.87 div. day‐1 in batch culture experiments. The results suggest that some migrating cryptophytes under favourable conditions in stratified water columns can attain high growth rates supporting the hypothesis of Raven & Richardson (1984) that, based on cost‐benefit analysis, diel vertical migrations could increase the growth rate of flagellates. Such growth appears of short duration and its ecological importance still requires further verification.

Comment

The production of double-yolked eggs and the duration of the rapid growth phase of yolks were measured in parental lines of White Plymouth Rock pullets and their crosses over 30 d, commencing with the day of first egg. Significant differences were found between mating combinations in the incidence of multiple-yolked eggs, but not in the period of rapid yolk growth. Heterosis and recombination effects for multiple ovulation were respectively -9% and -66% of the mean, while the corresponding values for the period required for rapid yolk growth were -1% and -5%. Three double-yolked eggs were observed containing yolks which differed by 3 d in their periods of rapid growth. Hypotheses are were presented for the origin of double-yolked eggs.

Introduction: Beyond the Anglophone—Comparative South Asian Literatures