The Impact of COVID‐19 on Oil and Natural Gas Production

<p>The worldwide operating petroleum industry is considered as one of the major contributors to global anthropogenic methane emissions. However, not only absolute numbers of methane emissions from oil and natural gas production and distribution vary greatly in different global inventories, also the relative contribution of the oil and the gas sector is under discussion. In different studies, the majority of methane emissions are assigned either to natural gas or to the oil sector. For the climate emission origins are of course irrelevant, however, for the climate budget of natural gas usage it is important to know which emissions are attributable to natural gas and what number is related to oil production with its associated natural gas.</p><p>Here we use the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources’ (BGR) worldwide database on natural oil and gas production and consumption, dating back to 1900, and compare it to global bottom-up methane emission inventories. We will present and discuss several regression approaches that fit the global data reasonably well. In addition, methane emissions of country groups are compared to natural oil and gas production and consumption data. This study finds that the emission factors that relate to gas production released during oil and gas extraction likely vary over the time and across different production areas in the world.</p>

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The production of crude oil and natural gas is crucial for Qatar's economy as it supports its indicators of economic development. The gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value added by various economic sectors during a specific period and heavily relies on the surplus generated in Qatar's oil and natural gas sector for growth and development. It is projected that real GDP growth will range between 2% and 2.5% in 2023-2024, driven by strong domestic demand and the ongoing expansion in liquefied natural gas production. Inflation is expected to gradually decline to around 3%. In this study, we used a standardized approach to determine the impact of crude oil and natural gas production on Qatar's GDP. Our methodology involved analyzing data related to the production of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the gross domestic product (GDP) in Qatar. We then constructed a statistical and mathematical model that explains the long-term relationship between these variables. To establish the reliability of our model and interpret the relationship between the variables, we employed causal tests such as the Engle-Granger test and the vector autoregression (VAR) model. Through the response analysis of the model, we found a strong and statistically significant relationship between the production of crude oil and natural gas and Qatar's gross domestic product (GDP).

It is believed that production of crude oil and natural gas without flaring and venting is neither technically nor economically feasible. In the face of this challenge, it is pertinent to understand the technical, economic, environmental, and social effects of flaring and venting in the production of crude oil and natural gas. This paper is a review of the role of flaring and venting in the production of oil and gas and an exposition of the environmental consequences of flaring and venting with respect to the production of crude oil and natural gas. The study exhaustively and systematically revealed the global and local effects of flaring and venting of natural gas on the environment and thereafter suggested various mechanisms through which flaring and venting could be drastically reduced using commercial models, regulation, new technologies and re-injection.

Effectively addressing today’s energy challenges requires advanced technologies along with policies that influence economic markets while advancing the public good.

Energy supply security is one of the most debated issues in the energy sector in recent years. Although there is no clear agreed definition of energy supply security, there are determinations that energy should be cheap, sustainable, continuous, and available in order to ensure energy supply security. The wars and political instabilities in the region where Turkey is located have caused the issue of energy supply security to gain importance in recent years. Therefore, Turkey continues to work in areas such as oil and natural gas exploration and production, coal extraction, increasing renewable energy supply, ensuring energy efficiency, and nuclear power generation to ensure energy supply security. However, although these methods such as oil and natural gas exploration and production are useful in terms of energy supply security, they increase Turkey's fossil fuel dependency and this situation weakens Turkey's efforts to combat climate change, which is one of Turkey's goals. In this study, the impact of coal, natural gas, oil, and renewable energy production on energy dependence, which is among the most important causes of energy supply security, between 1987-2020 is analyzed by the ARDL cointegration test method. In addition, the empirical analysis is concluded by using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test to observe the causality relationship between the variables. The findings of the analysis lead to the conclusion that Turkey's domestic energy production should be restructured according to environmental priorities.

Canada was the world’s third largest natural gas producer in 2008, with 98% of its gas being produced by conventional, tight gas, and coal bed methane wells in Western Canada. Natural gas production in Western Canada peaked in 2001 and remained nearly flat until 2006 despite more than quadrupling the drilling rate. Canada seems to be one of many counter examples to the idea that oil and gas production can rise with sufficient investment. This study calculated the Energy Return on Energy Invested and Net Energy of conventional natural gas and oil production in Western Canada by a variety of methods to explore the energy dynamics of the peaking process. All these methods show a downward trend in EROI during the last decade. Natural gas EROI fell from 38:1 in 1993 to 15:1 at the peak of drilling in 2005. The drilling intensity for natural gas was so high that net energy delivered to society peaked in 2000–2002, while production did not peak until 2006. The industry consumed all the extra energy it delivered to maintain the high drilling effort. The inability of a region to increase net energy may be the best definition of peak production. This increase in energy consumption reduces the total energy provided to society and acts as a contracting pressure on the overall economy as the industry consumes greater quantities of labor, steel, concrete and fuel. It appears that energy production from conventional oil and gas in Western Canada has peaked and entered permanent decline.

An empirical model of natural gas discovery and production in the United States has been developed to express the over-all effect of the various technologic, geologic and economic forces. Validity of this model is supported by the good fit of historical data, conformance with reasonable boundary conditions and applicability to the closely related crude oil discovery and production history. Forecasts from this model are compared with plausible estimates of gas demand and corresponding supply requirements to the year 2000. In no case are the ultimately recoverable reserves a limiting factor. However, it is clearly shown that the ratio of proved reserves to annual production (R/p ratio) cannot be maintained near present levels without requiring unrealistically high discovery rates to meet even conservative estimates of demand. Only by allowing a decline to about a 10-year R/p ratio by the year 1990, and a 6- to 8-year R/p ratio by the year 2000, could demand be met without a major step-up in discovery rate. These declining reserve levels are expected to require development of economic sources of supplemental gas to stabilize the R/p ratio for natural gas. Depending on the criteria used to define need for supplemental gas, 0.4 to 1 trillion cu ft/year would have to become available as early as 1978, but not later than 1990. Capital requirements for supplemental gas capacity, either as imported LNG or as synthetic pipeline gas from coal, would be on the order of $1 billion per year. Introduction The rapid increase in demand for natural gas in the U. S. has created some concern for the adequacy of long-rangesupply. Many techniques have been used to forecast demand or supply, but none has successfully related economic and technologic variables. The relationships between such diverse factors as incentives for gas and oil exploration, economics of exploiting proved reserves, geologic limitations on ultimate supply, price regulation, investor confidence and competitive forces controlling the energy market are too complex for individual analysis and systematic correlation. This study of future gas supply is based on a previously developed empirical method for forecasting U.S. natural gas production and discoveries from historical data. In the earlier work, extrapolations of relationships between total (cumulated) production and discoveries of natural gas, and between the life index or working inventory of proved reserves (proved reserves-to-annual production ratio) and time, were used to calculate the future deliverability of natural gas. Various values for ultimately recoverable reserves and lower limits of the life index were used as parameters. Projections based on this earlier work had a high degree of uncertainty, and no attempt was made to establish their relationship with crude oil production and discoveries. In a more recent study, Hubbert proposed a mathematical model that fits both crude oil and natural gas discovery and production. Unfortunately, this model tends to give extremely conservative projections of future supply, probably because of the simple form of the functions imposed on the historical data. In this study. some of the limitations of the previous work have been overcome to achieve a greater degree of certainty in the forecasts. The correlations developed here are not explicit in the independent variable (time), but give a good fit to the historical data for both gas and crude oil data. and also meet plausible boundary conditions. Although empirical, the correlations, in conjunction with Hubbert's work, indicate the possibility of developing fundamental relationships governing the discovery, production and depletion of these natural resources under a reasonably uniform economic and technologic environment.

In 200 2 the government of Canada introduced the national security policy, its first ever, which identified critical infrastructure protection as one of its priority concerns.1 Five years later, in August 2007, the government promulgated the emergency management act, which affirmed federal authority over critical infrastructure protection. Since then, Public Safety Canada has been working on a national strategy and action plan for critical infrastructure, which still awaits federal-provincial-territorial consultations, now scheduled for mid-2009.2 m *he interim, no further steps have been taken to articulate the details of a national strategy for the protection of Canada's critical national infrastructure against exogenous risks and threats.This study will provide an assessment of current threats to Canadian energy interests stemming from international terrorism and will examine the existing governmental architecture for the protection of this country's critical infrastructure. After identifying certain institutional and operational deficiencies in relation to the evolving threat environment, the article will explore new policy initiatives to enhance the protection of Canada's energy infrastructure from international terrorism.The energy sector is a lynchpin of the Canadian economy and a leading sector in the regional economies of Alberta, Newfoundland, and Saskatchewan. Oil and gas production contributed 4.2 percent of Canada's gross domestic product in 2003, the latest year for which data is available. In previous years the energy sector as a whole contributed over seven percent of GDP and accounted for annual investment of some $24 billion. To be sure, the oil price surge of 2004-08 greatly increased the energy sector's value added to Canada's economy. The activities of the sector encompass the production, refining, and delivery of petroleum and natural gas, and the generation of electric power from hydro, oil, gas, coal, and nuclear power plants. These energy resources are vital for interdependent industries, commercial facilities, public and social services, and household requirements.Canada's energy economy is closely integrated continentally with that of the United States through pipeline networks, electricity grids, and extensive commercial interactions among owner-operators in the industry. More than half of Canadian energy production, including petroleum, natural gas, and electricity, in terms of oil equivalents, was exported in 2002.3 Exports of energy products totalled $60.5 billion in 2003, or about 15 percent of Canadian merchandise exports.4 Of these energy sector exports, natural gas contributed $26 billion, petroleum $20 billion, and other energy products $13 billion. Canada's energy economy is closely interconnected through infrastructure links to an integrated North American energy market5 Over 99 percent of Canadian crude oil exports, and some 56 percent of natural gas exports, are destined for the US. By 2006 Canada had become the single largest international supplier of oil and natural gas to the US. Continental energy integration is further sustained by regional trading arrangements, formalized in the North American free trade area and reiterated in the security and prosperity partnership.The Canadian energy industry is critical for the national, provincial, and local economies, for consumers and user industries, and for public wellbeing generally. Oil, natural gas, and electricity production are operating at or near capacity, with little if any spare capacity or redundancy readily available. A sudden loss of production capacity because of terrorist attacks, or any other major damage to energy infrastructure, would bring about immediate shortages of supply, which in turn would cause prices to spike. Owing to interdependencies between energy and most other economic, social sector, and household requirements, any disruption to the energy nexus would inflict profound and far-reaching hardships upon Canadians. …

This article delves into the impact of oil and natural gas (ONG) production on the incidence of Part I violent crimes in Texas. Texas holds a prominent position in the energy industry, contributing to 43% of the nation's crude oil production and 26% of its natural gas production (EIA, 2021). However, alongside ONG operations come significant societal changes, including a rise in various social issues, including criminal activities. While prior research has explored the consequences of ONG-related transformations on crime rates through perceptual and economic studies, there is a scarcity of studies that investigate the intricate relationship between ONG activities and crime patterns, particularly in the Texan context. To bridge this research gap, this study employs residual change scores and multiple linear regression techniques to scrutinize county-level shifts in ONG activity and Part I violent crime incidents during the period spanning 2009 to 2019 across Texas ONG-producing counties. The findings derived from this investigation unveil a noteworthy association between six dynamic ONG measures and the alteration in specific known Part I violent crimes. This study makes a noteworthy contribution to the existing body of knowledge concerning rural crime and boomtown dynamics as it stands as the inaugural examination utilizing residual change score analysis to determine whether ONG activity indeed contributes to any variations in known Part I violent crime rates. By scrutinizing the intricate connection between energy production and crime, this research aids in fostering a better understanding of the social implications of ONG activities in resource-rich regions, particularly within Texas.

Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated

Azerbaijan attracts attention as a country with rich energy resources. This study analyzes the economic characteristics of Azerbaijan's fuel and energy resources and the economic-ecological situation of these resources. Azerbaijan's oil and natural gas reserves have contributed greatly to the country's economic growth. While oil and natural gas production accounts for a large share of foreign trade revenues, the energy sector has increased employment and stimulated industrial growth. However, this growth in the energy sector has also brought environmental impacts. Oil and natural gas production has led to environmental problems such as depletion of natural resources, water pollution and air pollution. At the same time, excessive dependence on energy resources has made Azerbaijan vulnerable to fluctuations in international energy prices. This study examines Azerbaijan's energy policies and environmental sustainability efforts, emphasizing the importance of using energy resources more sustainably. Azerbaijan should focus on policy changes and investments to direct its energy sector in a way that protects the environment and sustains economic growth. This requires striking a balance that aims to minimize environmental impacts while preserving the long-term economic benefits of energy resources. Keywords: Azerbaijan, Fuel and Energy Resources, Economy, Ecology, Analysis, Oil, Natural Gas, Economic Growth, Environmental Impacts.

Does the shale gas boom change the natural gas price-production relationship? Evidence from the U.S. market

A disaggregated-level analysis of the relationship among energy production, energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from China

Oil and natural gas exploration and production (E&P) activities generate emissions from diesel engines, compressor stations, condensate tanks, leaks and venting of natural gas, construction of well pads, and well access roads that can negatively impact air quality on both local and regional scales. A mobile, autonomous air quality monitoring laboratory was constructed to collect measurements of ambient concentrations of pollutants associated with oil and natural gas E&P activities. This air-monitoring laboratory was deployed to the Allegheny National Forest (ANF) in northwestern Pennsylvania for a campaign that resulted in the collection of approximately 7 months of data split between three monitoring locations between July 2010 and June 2011. The three monitoring locations were the Kane Experimental Forest (KEF) area in Elk County, which is downwind of the Sackett oilfield; the Bradford Ranger Station (BRS) in McKean County, which is downwind of a large area of historic oil and gas productivity; and the U.S. Forest Service Hearts Content campground (HC) in Warren County, which is in an area relatively unimpacted by oil and gas development and which therefore yielded background pollutant concentrations in the ANF. Concentrations of criteria pollutants ozone and NO2 did not vary significantly from site to site; averages were below National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with oil and natural gas (ethane, propane, butane, pentane) were highly correlated. Applying the conditional probability function (CPF) to the ethane data yielded most probable directions of the sources that were coincident with known location of existing wells and activity. Differences between the two impacted and one background site were difficult to discern, suggesting the that the monitoring laboratory was a great enough distance downwind of active areas to allow for sufficient dispersion with background air such that the localized plumes were not detected.ImplicationsMonitoring of pollutants associated with oil and natural gas exploration and production activity at three sites within the Allegheny National Forest (ANF) showed only slight site-to-site differences even with one site far removed from these activities. However, the impact was evident not in detection of localized plumes but in regional elevated ethane concentrations, as ethane can be considered a tracer species for oil and natural gas activity. The data presented serve as baseline conditions for evaluation of impacts from future development of Marcellus or Utica shale gas reserves.