The impact of recent executive orders on diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility in research and graduate training in industrial-organizational psychology

In this conceptual article, we assert that psychology should be transformed to adopt the explicit goal of working toward the liberation of people oppressed by society rather than striving for mere equality. To achieve such a transformation, it is necessary to reenvision graduate training in psychology. Graduate training in psychology is an important vehicle by which psychologists can become prepared to use research and practice to eradicate inequities in society. Therefore, we propose six pillars for liberation-focused graduate training in psychology: critical unlearning/unknowing, cooperative modes of production, prioritizing indigenous knowledge, embedded interdependence, systems-level action, and prioritizing members of oppressed groups. Although this conceptualization may engender resistance, we argue that there are many potential pathways by which graduate training may use liberation psychology to work equitably with oppressed groups to seek justice.

Nephrology is unique. Having saved the lives of millions of people with kidney failure and advocated successfully for the federal government to cover every American on dialysis, the specialty now faces challenges that obstruct advances in care and innovation. More than one half of Americans who start dialysis today will be dead in 5 years. The federal government underfunds research into kidney disease compared with other diseases, venture capital has little interest in a disease that affects 850,000,000 people worldwide, and less innovation exists around kidney disease. Only 43.6% of nephrology fellowship programs and 62.7% of available positions filled in the most recent nephrology match. Nephrologists treat people with tremendously complex, often deadly medical challenges. A profession built on producing miracles now lacks appropriate recognition and a sense of urgency (1). Every American must demand kidney health. The federal government must fund research into kidney disease at the same level as comparable diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Nephrology's current leaders must electrify the health professionals of the future. Together, the kidney community must overcome these challenges to thrive as a meaningful specialty and to extend the lives, and quality of life, for millions who will continue to die prematurely and unnecessarily. Committing the federal government to create a system that "pays for kidney health, rather than kidney sickness," President Donald J. Trump signed the Executive Order on Advancing American Kidney Health on July 10, 2019 (2). The nation's first kidney health strategy aims to reduce the number of Americans with kidney failure by 25% over the next decade (3). The government also intends to double the number of kidneys available for transplant and provide more options to people with kidney failure, such as a greater emphasis on home dialysis and the creation of an artificial kidney. Advancing American Kidney Health is the nation's "War on Kidney Disease." Bold goals, clear objectives, and sustained support from the government challenge the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) and the community to define a new era in kidney health and, ultimately, cure kidney disease. Piloting care-delivery models, accelerating kidney research and discovery, unleashing innovation and product development, and increasing access to transplantation will transform nephrology. Working toward a world without kidney diseases, ASN, KidneyCure (the recently renamed ASN Foundation for Kidney Research), the Kidney Health Initiative (KHI), KidneyX, and Nephrologists Transforming Dialysis Safety (NTDS) now operate in unison as the ASN Alliance for Kidney Health. For more information about the alliance, please visit www.asn-online.org. By collaborating with organizations across the world, ASN addresses global issues in nephrology, such as using high-impact data to highlight the extent of kidney disease, evaluating the global nephrology workforce, promoting innovation to improve care, and prioritizing ethical issues in kidney care. Accomplishing the goals established by Advancing American Kidney Health aligns with the vision, mission, and priorities of every element of the ASN Alliance for Kidney Health and the entire kidney community. For an overview of the community, please visit www.asn-online/caps2019. Goal 1: Reduce the Risk of Kidney Failure To prevent, detect, and slow kidney disease progression, the federal government, ASN, and the community must address "upstream risk factors," such as diabetes and hypertension. This commitment requires raising awareness among at-risk populations; ensuring people in the early stages are identified and receive high-quality care; and slowing, delaying, or stopping the progression of kidney disease. Nomenclature must change from CKD and ESKD to kidney health, kidney disease, and kidney failure to reflect this shift and increase visibility. The ASN Alliance for Kidney Health will work with the global community to change the emphasis from monolithic CKD to specific types of kidney disease, such as diabetic kidney disease. NTDS has become a model for establishing new initiatives to improve care, such as the Diabetic Kidney Disease Collaborative and AKI!Now: Promoting Excellence in the Prevention and Treatment of AKI. ASN will harness this expertise to prevent, detect, and slow progression and support initiatives to track progression of kidney disease. Through its longstanding relationships, ASN will partner with societies that represent family physicians, general internists, hospitalists, and pediatricians to promote screening, diagnosis, treatment, and referral of people with kidney disease. ASN will also help improve how kidney medicine is taught to students, residents, fellows, and other health professionals. Goal 2.A: Improve Treatment Options through Research, Discovery, and Innovation The federal government will "provide patients who have kidney failure with more options for treatment." Ensuring 80% of new patients with kidney failure in the United States in 2025 receive home dialysis or a transplant propels care from in-center dialysis to home dialysis to portable dialysis to wearable kidneys to implantable kidneys to regenerated kidneys to solutions inconceivable today. Funding for the National Institutes of Health must increase to support programs like APOLLO (APOL1 Long-Term Kidney Transplantation Outcomes Network) and the Kidney Precision Medicine Project as well as to establish a special kidney research fund of $150,000,000 annually. The executive order and the recent Government Accountability Office Report, National Institutes of Health—Kidney Disease Research Funding and Priority Setting, position kidney disease for funding increases (4). Catalyzing innovation requires engagement with private and public entities as well as coordinating regulatory and payment policies to incentivize product development. Both KHI and KidneyX seek to prompt innovation and the development of patient-centered therapies across the spectrum of care. For example, the KHI Technology Roadmap for Innovative Approaches to RRT and the KidneyX Redesign Dialysis Prizes will help accelerate development of an artificial kidney (5,6). As KidneyX stimulates private sector investment to produce therapies for every type of kidney disease, ASN will advocate for an annual $25,000,000 appropriation from the federal government to match the society's commitment to the public-private partnership. Additionally, KidneyCure will provide approximately $3,000,000 annually in funding to kidney researchers. Through KHI, KidneyX, and community-wide efforts, ASN will work with the US Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to demystify regulatory and reimbursement processes. This effort includes helping the community embody an "on-study" culture to better support clinical trials as well as increasing funding and training for clinical trialists. Goal 2.B: Improve Treatment Options through Kidney Care Models The federal government is committed to improving "care coordination and patient education for people living with kidney disease and their caregivers, enabling more person-centric transitions to safe and effective treatments" (2). The Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation (CMMI) will introduce new value-based kidney disease payment models that "align health care provider incentives with patient preferences and improve quality of life" (2). ASN will support CMMI's launching five pilot kidney care models, help nephrologists participate in these models, and provide educational resources to transform kidney care. By leveraging its partnerships with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Making Dialysis Safer Coalition, NTDS will promote evidence-based interventions to prevent bloodstream infection in the nearly 500,000 Americans currently on dialysis. ASN will work with accrediting bodies and certifying boards to transform nephrology training and promote lifelong learning among kidney health professionals. This modernization will increase expertise in areas such as home dialysis, telehealth, and transplantation. Simultaneously, ASN will advance its longstanding commitment to excellence in all aspects of professional education, including the next generation of basic scientists. Goal 3: Increase Access to Kidney Transplants To double the number of kidneys available for transplant by 2030, the federal government must increase utilization of available organs from deceased donors (increasing organ recovery and reducing discard rate) and living donors (removing disincentives to donation and ensuring appropriate financial support). ASN will press Congress to pass the Comprehensive Immunosuppressive Drug Coverage for Kidney Transplant Patients Act, ensuring access to immunosuppressive medications. ASN will also urge Congress to pass the Living Donor Protection Act, protecting organ donors from employment and insurance discrimination. Additionally, ASN will recommend expanding the list of donation-related expenses for which donors can receive reimbursement. Moreover, ASN will support actions by the federal government to align responsibilities, activities, and oversight of organ procurement organizations. ASN will simultaneously advocate for the Organ Procurement Optimization Act, requiring standardized, objective, and verifiable metrics to assess the performance of organ procurement organizations. Transplant centers need the latitude to be less risk-averse, allowing greater use of "marginal" kidneys, transplanting more patients who may not be considered "optimal" candidates, and ensuring patient-centeredness. ASN will help reform processes that improve transparency, foster competition, and align incentives to focus on actual transplants performed as well as intermediate goals such as the number of people active on the waitlist. These efforts will help optimize the deceased donor matching process and improve the allocation process to maximize use of available kidneys. Finally, ASN will support initiatives to reduce organ discard outlined in the National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Discard Conference Report (7), and work with patient organizations to ensure patients are engaged in decisions to accept or decline kidneys. With the entire community, ASN will encourage living donation and explore transitioning to an opt-out donation system. Through the executive order, the White House has established a practical framework for winning the War on Kidney Disease. Kidney health finally became a national priority in 2019, nearly 50 years after the federal government declared that every American with kidney failure must receive dialysis. The ASN Alliance for Kidney Health and the rest of the community must seize this moment and force transformational change in policy, legislation, and funding. The estimated 37,000,000 Americans with kidney disease deserve a future where kidney health, not kidney failure, is the focus, and innovation is the mandate. Disclosures Mr. Ibrahim is Executive Vice President of ASN and is President-Elect of the Council of Medical Specialty Societies. Dr. Rosenberg is President of ASN and reports honorarium support from Wolters Kluwer outside of the submitted work.

So you want to be an Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychologist? You may have heard that it is one of the fields of the future, fast-growing, and a highly sought-after profession. But what is Industrial-Organizational Psychology? What does an Industrial-Organizational Psychologist do? Answering these questions and many more, Becoming an Industrial-Organizational Psychologist is the perfect introduction, providing an expert overview of careers in Industrial-Organizational Psychology, the study of human behavior in the workplace. Part1 of the book discusses what I-O Psychology is and what I-O Psychologists do, including the history of the field, research areas, and job types and titles. Part2 discusses the undergraduate years, including how to make oneself competitive for graduate school, and going through the process of identifying graduate programs, applying, and deciding on the right program. Part3 focuses on the graduate years, including advice on success in a graduate program and in internships, as well as additional issues like licensure and transitioning from other careers. Finally, Part4 discusses how to find a job and begin a career in the various sectors of I-O Psychology: academic, consulting, industry, and government

This chapter reviews research on culture and the self in social psychology, highlighting seminal research on culture and cognition, motivation, and emotion. It discusses the evolution of research on culture and self in industrial organizational (IO) psychology in the areas of motivation, leadership, negotiation, organizational justice, and teams. The chapter explores how research on culture and the self in social psychology influenced the development of research in IO psychology and how research in IO psychology considerably expanded research on culture and the self in social psychology to other levels of analysis and contexts. The self mediates the relationship between HR practices and work behavior, helping to explain why employees in Japan and Germany might respond differently to certain motivational techniques. The chapter deals with new directions that both fields inspire for the future. Yet individuals with interdependent self-construal are less concerned with self-consistency, given the importance of context and maintaining social harmony.

Ten Thousand Commandments: An Annual Snapshot of the Federal Regulatory State (2020 Edition)

T he recent action by the Obama administration to overturn restrictions on federal funding for embryonic stem cell research is expected to breathe new life into the field. The change in policy, which was made offi cial on March 9, lifted the ban on the use of federal funds for any research involving human embryonic stem cell lines established after August 9, 2001, when then-President George W. Bush announced an executive order creating the restrictions. A 1996 law still bans the use of federal funds in the destruction of a human embryo, a necessary step in creating such cell lines, but those created with private or state funding are now eligible to be used in federally funded projects. “At this moment, the full promise of stem cell research remains unknown, and it should not be overstated,” said President Barack Obama, announcing his executive order overturning Bush’s. “But scientists believe these tiny cells may have the potential to help us understand, and possibly cure, some of our most devastating diseases and conditions ... Parkinson’s, cancer, heart disease, and others that affect millions of Americans and the people who love them.” The mention of cancer cheered many oncologists in particular. But more broadly, the change in policy is an enormous morale booster for many investigators, according to stakeholders across the nation, who say they have begun to see an uptick of interest among young scientists since the new president took offi ce in January. “The science itself has now been given a huge signal that this fi eld is open for business by the federal government, and so young people in particular who were steering away from this fi eld will now say, ‘Okay, no problem, I will be able to go into this fi eld and do my work because it won’t be a dead end, ’ ” said Susan Solomon, chief executive offi cer of the New York Stem Cell Foundation, which was established to raise private funding for stem cell research. On the West Coast, the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), the umbrella for that state’s substantial funding effort, is also seeing renewed interest among young scientists, said CIRM President Alan Trounson, Ph.D. “We get a lot of questions, people writing to us, ringing us up, asking how can they get into stem cell research,” he said. That is in stark contrast to the past 8 years, when the fi eld “had nobody going into it except for folks in California and a very small group of researchers elsewhere at elite institutions or ones that we could fi nd or fund,” Solomon said. “There were maybe 150 people or so in the East Room on Monday when a bunch of us were down there with the president for the signing,” she added. “If it had been a 500-person room, you would have had everybody who is doing any serious work with embryonic stem cells in that room.”

This chapter provides an overview of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Guidelines for Education and Training in Industrial-Organizational Psychology. The Guidelines take a competency-based approach to describing the content of graduate training in industrial-organizational psychology. The authors make recommendations on delivery options for master’s programs seeking to develop student competencies in the areas described in the Guidelines. These delivery options range from formal coursework to supervised internships to research activities. The authors address program characteristics, such as types of students (traditional versus nontraditional) and settings (urban versus rural), that may present unique opportunities and challenges in addressing the Guidelines.

Since his inauguration on 20 January 2009, US President Barack Obama has been busy reversing and dismantling many of his predecessor's decisions and policies. Seven weeks into his presidency, he finally lifted the controversial restraints on embryonic‐stem‐cell research that had barred the National Institutes of Health (NIH; Bethesda, MD, USA) from funding projects beyond using the 60 extant cell lines—only 21 of which were viable. From the moment former President George W. Bush introduced this legislation in August 2001, embryonic‐stem‐cell researchers had to find other sources of funding to develop new lines. > …the pro‐life movement, which had kept a relatively low profile during the 2008 political season, attacked the president's policy… President Obama, who was delivering on a campaign promise, said: “At this moment, the full promise of stem‐cell research remains unknown, and it should not be overstated. But scientists believe these tiny cells may have the potential to help us understand, and possibly cure, some of our most devastating diseases and conditions: to regenerate a severed spinal cord and lift someone from a wheelchair; to spur insulin production and spare a child from a lifetime of needles; to treat Parkinson's, cancer, heart disease and others that affect millions of Americans and the people who love them.” The president also called on Congress to provide legislative backing and funding for the research, for which public support has grown in recent years. President Obama emphasized that his order did not open “the door to the use of cloning for human reproduction.” Even before President Obama announced his decision, two members of Congress—Democrat Diana DeGette, representing the First District of Colorado, and Republican Mike Castle, Representative for Delaware—had re‐introduced legislation to the House of Representatives on 4 February 2009 that would legally support federal funding for embryonic‐stem‐cell research; similar legislation was introduced …

Prevention of climate change and preservation of planetary health are critical precursors for success across many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Institutions worldwide play significant roles in addressing or worsening climate-related challenges. Success will require a variety of tools, ranging from policy changes to behavioral changes. This brief examines climate change and planetary health through the lens of work psychology, considering how the profession of Industrial-Organizational (IO) Psychology can help—for example, through changes to human resource management practices, leadership, motivation and incentives, organizational development, and accountability. Comparisons and contrasts between developed and developing economies are illustrated using hospitals as a universal organizational context.

School psychology is facing a major shortage of faculty in graduate training and education programs. To deal with this shortage and the issues that surround it, we propose a conceptual framework that incorporates a number of impact points that graduate training programs can use to educate and sustain individuals in academic careers. The impact points include: selection of students, program-related training variables, post-program transition variables, and sustainability of academic careers. Each of these impact points is discussed within the context of the role that current faculty and practitioners in the profession can play in graduate education and training of academic scholars. Among the variety of potential solutions to the shortage, we introduce the concept of the virtual university to promote future education and sustainability of faculty within our graduate training programs. A case scenario from graduate students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison is presented as a context for the impact points raised in the article. We argue that those of us in the profession think systemically and lead the way into a new era of collaborative work across our graduate programs and among our colleagues in clinical, counseling, and related areas of applied and professional psychology graduate training. Like other professional specialties in psychology, the field of school psychology is facing challenges in terms of recruitment of faculty for our graduate education/training programs (hereafter called training programs with recognition of distinctions made between education and training [see, for example, Phillips, The positions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the position of faculty in the School Psychology Program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison or the

Reducing the Shortage of Transplant Kidneys: A Lost Opportunity for the US Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

In this book, faculty from top-ranked industrial-organizational (I-O) master’s programs provide best practices and discuss important topics for the training of master’s-level I-O psychologists. The book begins with a definition of the field of I-O psychology; an explanation of the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed by master’s-level I-O practitioners; and a description of I-O master’s professional practice areas. I-O graduate training is introduced, highlighting differences between master’s training and doctoral training. Advice is offered about applying to graduate school, including program selection, undergraduate preparation, and the application process. The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology’s Guidelines for Education and Training in Industrial-Organizational Psychology are reviewed, as are various methods for teaching the identified competencies. Guidance is offered on implementing important applied experiences such as course projects, practica, simulations, and internships. The pros and cons of a thesis requirement are outlined. Issues faced by faculty in I-O master’s programs, including strategies for balancing teaching, service, and research, are covered. The final chapter gives advice for developing and maintaining an on-campus I-O consulting entity. The best practices presented in this volume, offered by faculty with substantial expertise and experience in successful I-O master’s programs, should be of interest to faculty teaching in I-O master’s programs and other teaching intensive institutions; to I-O faculty and non-I-O psychology faculty advising undergraduates on career options in psychology, specifically as an I-O master’s practitioner; and to undergraduates evaluating potential I-O master’s programs.

I review the marginalized status of community psychology in the history of psychology in Canada, emphasizing the early precedents of applied mental health and community interventions. I present the findings from inquiries into undergraduate and graduate training in community psychology in Canada. After assessing current problems in the subdiscipline, I make recommendations for future directions and discuss the potential usefulness of community psychology to professional psychology in meeting the challenges of public mental health.Resume J'examine le caractere marginal de la psychologie communautaire dabs l'histoire de la psychologie au Canada, en mettant l'accent sur les premieres interventions communautaires et en sante mentale. Je presente les conclusions d'enquetes sur la formation de premier, de deuxieme et de troisieme cycles en psychologie communautaire au Canada. Apres avoir evalue les problemes que connait actuellement cette sous-discipline, je recommande des orientations pour l'avenir et je traite de la mesure dans laquelle la psychologie communautaire pourrait aider la psychologie professionnelle a relever les defis que pose la sante mentale de la population.Community psychology, in my view, is the applied subdiscipline that is explicitly oriented to developing psychological theory, values, and research methods and to creating innovative social interventions, all for the purposes of: preventing social, economic, health, and mental health problems; improving the quality of life and well-being, particularly for marginalized groups; and building the sense and reality of community and empowerment. (For reviews of the epistemic bases of community psychology and their theoretical, methodological, and practical implications, see the edited volume by Tolan, Keys, Chertok, & Jason, 1990.) A distinctive feature of community psychology, ideally, is the planned use of participatory research in active collaboration with citizens to promote a more equitable distribution of community resources. In both theory and practice, community psychology is broader in scope but overlaps to some degree with professional psychology (i.e., clinical, counselling) and applied social, industrial-organizational, developmental, and educational psychology. The concept of primary prevention, for instance, which is central to community psychology, has insinuated its way into other subdisciplines of applied psychology and other professions such as social work.Current Canadian examples of community psychologists' work include: (1) the application of the standard of social justice to cases of sexual assault in comparison to physical assaults and robberies in order to expose a criminal justice system that minimizes male violence against women and to propose law reform (Renner, Alksnis, & Park, 1997); (2) a participatory, peer-centred evaluation of an urban organization that stimulates community-based economic development intended to counter the debilitating effects of extant marketplace conditions through community organizing, mutual aid, and alternative economic and employment practices (Papineau & Kiely, 1996); (3) the development and evaluation of a collective drama approach with adolescents in schools to heighten peer awareness about and prevent violence against women, which incorporates innovative research methods and report-writing (Community Education Team, in press).According to conventional wisdom, American psychologists originated community psychology in response to the U.S. community mental health movement and social issues in the 1960s. More recently, the community psychology division of the American Psychological Association (APA) became known as the Society for Community Research and Action to signal its action-science intentions. But community psychology, practiced in nations as diverse as Cuba, New Zealand, and Venezuela for over a decade, actually has a much longer history in Canada than in the U. …

Trends in the early careers of life scientists. Preface and Executive Summary.

Undergraduate education in petroleum engineering (PE) has survived the latest downturn in the industry, and enrollment has started to show an uptick in numbers. However, a different trend is evident in graduate training and academic research: the number of researchers being trained in oil and gas topics is drastically dropping. The story can be summarized in Fig. 1. Funding trends in PE departments have been shifting away from oil and gas research. These shifts require large investments in skill-building, expertise, and laboratory infrastructure, which makes it much harder to reverse the trend. Consequently, the shift may permanently alter the identity of PE departments, something that will not impact only graduate education but could alter the overall identity of these departments and the workforce they train. The data shared in Fig. 1c shows that more than 50% of the 2023 research awards, which will fund graduate students earning degrees between 2025 and 2026, are going to be invested in geothermal, carbon management, hydrogen, emissions, and other topics that do not support improving oil and gas resource extraction. While 73% of the 2023 MSc and PhD graduates still studied oil and gas topics around reservoir, production, fracturing, and drilling, as shown in Fig. 1a, this number is expected to drop to under 50% for 2026 graduates. Fig. 1b reveals the accelerated trend of this transition, where only 65% of the publications generated from these departments in 2023 covered oil and gas topics. Under 60% of the 2024 and 2025 graduates who published in 2023 are building expertise in oil and gas research and development. The team collected data to study the trends over the past 10 years. It included over $137 million in external research funding and over 1,900 thesis/dissertations, in addition to over 1,100 publications in 2023. More details about these numbers can be found in SPE 220735. The trends in graduate training and research funding over the past 10 years are shown in Fig. 2, where the axis for graduate training is shifted by 3 years to account for the lag between the date funding was received and the graduation date for the students it supported. When looking at numbers rather than percentages (Fig. 3), oil and gas research funding to four of the major PE departments in the US dropped from $30 million in 2014 to under $10 million in 2023 as shown in Fig. 3a. Funding in these departments now hovers at around $20 million, where the gap was filled by transitioning to the study of sustainable geoenergy topics relating to carbon and hydrogen storage and the extraction of geothermal energy, as shown in Fig. 3b.