The impact of invasive alien species Spathodea campanulata on native species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia

One of the problems encountered by the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (TNBBS) is the presence of invasive alien species. Invasive alien species are plants that grow outside their natural distribution and have the ability to cover the area; hence it could suppress the growth of the other plants. The presence of invasive alien species in the national park has been widely reported to cause negative impacts on the ecosystem, local biodiversity, socio-economic, and human health in the vicinity. This study was carried out in the rehabilitation zone of the Sukaraja Atas Resort of TNBBS that had shifted into open land. This study aimed to determine the species and dominance of invasive alien species that exist. The sampling method was used by laying plots consisted of the combination of the line and multiple plot methods with a total plot of 25 plots. Data analysis was performed by selecting invasive alien species observed based related-literature, while the dominance of invasive alien species was calculated by the importance value index (IVI). The results identified 121 species, of which 29 species or 35% of them were classified as invasive alien, which originating from 19 families. Three invasive alien species become the most dominating, namely: Clidemia hirta with an IVI of 22.61, Imperata cylindrica with an IVI of 18.03, and Calliandra calothyrsus with an IVI 17.96. The environmental conditions and species characteristics supported the three invasive alien species domination; hence it inhibited the growth of native species. Keywords: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, invasive alien species, rehabilitation zone

Beljai M, Worabai MS. 2018. The structure and composition of vegetation and amphibian diversity in Arfak Mountain, West Papua. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 4: 1-12. The forest formation around Didouhu River, Arfak Mountain District, West Papua Province, Indonesia is a habitat for a number of species of plants and animals of the class of amphibians that are not yet known scientifically. Therefore, information and data on vegetation structure and composition and amphibian diversity in the area are needed. The purpose of this research is to know the structure and composition of vegetation and the diversity of amphibian species in the forest area around Didouhu River. Vegetation data were collected using a combination method of path method and line plot systematic method, while amphibian type data were collected using visual encounter survey method. Vegetation data were analyzed using vegetation analysis method, while amphibian diversity was analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener index (index of species diversity), evenness index, and Jaccard similarity index (similarity index). From the result of vegetation analysis, there are 65 types of vegetation covering 50 types of seedlings with a density of 17,500 individuals/ha, 50 types of sapling with a density of 4,085 individuals/ha, 42 types of pole with density of 506 individuals/ha, and 28 species of tree level with a density of 108 individuals/ha. There were eight types of vegetation with the highest importance value index (IVi) which dominates between three and four growth phases, namely Dodonaea viscosa (IVi=166,80%), Lithocarpus ruvofilosus (IVi=83,68%), Lithocarpus aspericulata (IVi=69,47%), Rhus lamprocarpa (IVi=54.44%), Melicope sp. (IVi=40,41%), Drimys piperita (IVi=39,91%), Pouteria sp. (IVi=34.29%), and Galbulimima belgraveana (IVi=31.85%). The eight types of vegetation are the principal founders of plant communities in forest ecosystems around the Didouhu River. Amphibians are found in four types, namely Litoria arfakiana, Asterophrys sp., Rana grisea, and Lechriodus platyceps. The diversity of amphibian species in the study sites was moderate (H '= 3.14) with low species inter-species similarity (S = 0.17). The level of evenness is high (E = 0.91), where there is one type of L. arfakiana found in two research sites (locations A and B). Overall, the location of the study is quite damp, lots of puddles, riparian vegetation quite dense, and has rocky soil conditions and litter, making it a suitable habitat for amphibians of the Order of Anura.

Pemerihan Resort is one of management unit of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP). Pemerihan Resort has a variety of plants, including various types of meranti. Currently the data releated to the distribution of meranti at the Pemerihan Resort of BBSNP is not available, so it is necessary to do research on the distribution of meranti at the Pemerihan Resort BBSNP. The objectives of this research to analyze the distribution pattern of meranti in Pemerihan Resort BBSNP. The method used vegetation analyze with compartement line method and analyzed with Importance Value Index (IVI) and Coefecient of Distribution (CD). The results of this research showed in the research sites was dominated by Shorea hopeifolia with Importance Value Index (40.96%). While other meranti species like Shorea javanica, Shorea leprosula, Shorea multiflora, Shorea ovalis, Shorea ovata, Shorea palembanica, and Shorea parvifolia has a low dominance level (0.80 – 7.83%). Distribution pattern of 7 species of meranti is a clumped i.e Shorea hopeifolia, Shorea javanica, Shorea leprosula, Shorea multiflora, Shorea ovalis, Shorea ovata, Shorea parvifolia and Shorea palembanica which had a random distribution pattern.

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is a strategic conservation area. The existence of herpetofauna, which includes reptiles and amphibians, is an integral part of the ecosystem of this national park. Research on herpetofauna in TNBBS is relevant considering the potential threats to biodiversity due to climate change, habitat destruction, and human activities that affect the habitat conditions of these fauna groups. Based on this, this research is intended to explore the diversity of herpetofauna as an environmental bioindicator based on microhabitat characteristics at two altitude levels, namely highlands (Resort Sukaraja Atas) and lowlands (Way Canguk Research Station), Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (TNBBS). This study was conducted in July 2023 in two locations, namely Sukaraja Atas Resort representing the highlands and Way Canguk Research Station representing the lowlands. Sampling used line transect and VES (Virtual Encounter Survey) methods. The results showed that both locations, Way Canguk Research Station and Upper Sukaraja Resort, had moderate amphibian and reptile species diversity (2.7). Although diversity and evenness indices showed similarities between the two sites, Upper Sukaraja Resort stood out with a higher species richness value (5.7) compared to Way Canguk Research Station (4.9).

Abstract. Munawaroh E, Rahayu S. 2020. The diversity of Hoya species (Apocynaceae) in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) and their conservation in the Liwa Botanical Gardens, West Lampung, Lampung. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 610-617. Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is a representative of the Bukit Barisan mountain range which consists of mangrove forest, coastal forest, tropical palms and mountain ranges in Sumatera. Bukit Barisan National Park stretches from the Province Bengkulu to the north, following the ridge of the Bukit Barisan mountains extending south, to Tanjung Cina-Belimbing at the southern tip of Lampung Province. This National Park is also a habitat for unique and rare flowering plants, including Hoya spp. Inventory and exploration of Hoya Plants in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung Province has been carried out with an exploration method that is exploring the area representing habitat for Hoya spp. We found 7 species of Hoya in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. There were: Hoya cf. rhodostele, Hoya coriacea, Hoya coronaria, Hoya micrantha, Hoya multiflora, Hoya purpurea-fusca, and Hoya vitellinoides. All Hoya plant materials are conserved ex-situ in the Liwa Botanical Garden.

Repong Damar is a form of hereditary since the days of the Dutch colonial government owned by the Krui Lampung people in the West Coast. Repong damar functions as a buffer zone in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The flagship product from Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Indonesia found in Krui Pesisir Barat is Damar Mata cat (Shorea javanica). The management and use of resin repong can cause various types of plants. Damar reong found in the Regency of Pesisir Barat has very important benefits for life, and therefore it is necessary to act as a preservation effort for this repong damar to remain sustainable and continue to grow. One of the efforts made is to analyze the diversity of tree species that are in the resin dunk. This study aims to determine the diversity of tree species in the Central Pongir Pongon Repong Pahmungan and Tenumbang Pekon Coastal Equipment and to compare the diversity of tree species in the Central Pekon Pahmungan and South Pekon Tenumbang Pekon Coastal Areas. This research was conducted in August-September 2019 which is located in two locations, namely Tenumbang Pekon, Pesisir Selatan District and Pahmungan Pahmungan Tengah Pesisir Tengah District, Pesisir Barat District. The method used to determine the diversity of tree species using the plot line method where the determination of the plot starting point is done by Systematic sampling with random sampling. Analysis of the data to be used is the relative density (KR), relative frequency (FR), and relative closure area (CR). Importance Value Index (INP) = KR + FR + CR (Indriyanto, 2006). The Diversity Index used is the Shanon Wiener Diversity Index (H '). The results of the research that have been carried out there are 28 species of trees found in Pahonungan Pahmungan, Central Pesisir Tengah and 32 species found in Tenumbang Pekon, Pesisir Selatan District and Diversity of tree species in Pahonungan Pekm Tengah, Pesisir Tengah District, 1.86 and Diversity of tree species in Pekon Tenumbang. Pesisir Selatan District at 2.44.

Abstract. Duryat, Ghozali RI, Saragih YJ, Rodiani, Maryono T, Pardilawati CY, Ismanto. 2024. Exploration of bioactive compounds in invasive plant Spathodea campanulata flower originating from Bukit Barisan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 366-376. The African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata), an invasive alien species, poses a significant ecological threat but offers promising bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. This study aimed to profile the bioactive compounds present in the flowers of S. campanulata sourced from the Utilization Zone of Pemerihan Resort, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Lampung, Indonesia. Using ethanol extraction followed by LC-MS and GC-MS analysis, 11 bioactive compounds were identified, comprising six volatile and five non-volatile compounds. These compounds, categorized into flavonoids, alkaloids, amino acids, and iridoids, exhibited 13 notable medical properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinergic activities. The findings highlight the potential of S. campanulata flowers in addressing some of the world's deadliest diseases, such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory infections, and coronary artery disease. Despite these promising results, further research is essential to translate these findings into practical applications. Future studies should focus on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluations, toxicity assessments, clinical trials, and compound synthesis and dosing optimization. The discovery of these bioactive compounds underscores the dual role of invasive species as both ecological challenges and valuable resources for pharmaceutical development.

This study aims to examine woody species composition, structure, and diversity of Tree-based agroforestry systems in the mid-highlands, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Data was collected in each observation plot in the agroforestry patterns. The total number of observation plots was thirty-three. The plot sizes for saplings 5m x 5m, poles 10m x 10m, and trees 20m x 20m. The results found there were 31 plant species composition belonging to 18 families. Plant species at the tree level 73%, herbaceous 10% and shrubs 17%, native endemic species 74%, and introduced 26%. A total of 77% of plant species were planted and 23% of species grew wild. The structures tree level vegetation with the highest importance value index (IVI) was the Tectona grandis species with IVI 144.9, the pole layers were Tectona grandis with IVI 126.7, and the sapling layers were Theobroma cacao with IVI 94.0. While the structures tree level vegetation with the lowest IVI was Artocarpus heterophyllus with IVI 13.4, the pole layers were Mangifera indica with IVI 13.2, and the sapling layers were Syzygium polyanthum and Citrus aurantiifolia with IVI 15.5. The highest species diversity index in the agroforestry of community forest was 1.7. Species richness index (M') and evenness index (E') were evenly distributed all in the agroforestry patterns with moderate criteria. The findings research show that agroforestry systems in the study area are diverse, with the different wood species compositions and structures. Keywords: Agroforestry, composition, community forest, konawe regency, species diversity, structure, southeast Sulawesi, vegetation.

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is the third largest protected area in Sumatra. Unfortunately, the area is invaded by Merremia peltata which occupied about 7 000 ha. The aims of this study was to determine the ecological impacts of M. peltata on plant biodiversity at BBSNP. Three locations were selected for vegetation analysis and M.peltata invasion assessment on the vegetation composition in BBSNP, i.e. the primary forest representing undisturbed area, secondary forest representing burned area, and invaded forest representing forest invaded by M. peltata. Three line transects were constructed at each locations along1 km, and the nested sampling plots were constructed every 100 m with the following quadrants : 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for sapling, and 2 m x 2 m for seedling. The data collected were invasions of M. peltata, trees species, and diameter of the trees. Invaded forest has lower diversity index (1.90) than the other two. This caused by the invasion of M. peltata as the percentage of coverage in the invaded forest reached 44% compared to secondary and the primary forest which were 27.11% and 1.00%. It is evidenced by the correlation between the percentage of coverage M. peltata and diversity index (-0.988).

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) is the third largest protected area in Sumatra. Unfortunately, the area is invaded by Merremia peltata which occupied about 7 000 ha. The aims of this study was to determine the ecological impacts of M. peltata on plant biodiversity at BBSNP. Three locations were selected for vegetation analysis and M.peltata invasion assessment on the vegetation composition in BBSNP, i.e. the primary forest representing undisturbed area, secondary forest representing burned area, and invaded forest representing forest invaded by M. peltata. Three line transects were constructed at each locations along1 km, and the nested sampling plots were constructed every 100 m with the following quadrants : 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for sapling, and 2 m x 2 m for seedling. The data collected were invasions of M. peltata, trees species, and diameter of the trees. Invaded forest has lower diversity index (1.90) than the other two. This caused by the invasion of M. peltata as the percentage of coverage in the invaded forest reached 44% compared to secondary and the primary forest which were 27.11% and 1.00%. It is evidenced by the correlation between the percentage of coverage M. peltata and diversity index (-0.988).

Abstract. Prabowo DA, Mirmanto E, Manurung BS. 2019. Distribution of figs in Way Canguk, Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung. Proc. Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 155-164. Ficus is one of an important controler plants in over time process of forest ecology, so that it is widely used by many wildlife around it. The purpose of this study was observed the figs distribution of each habitus in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. This research was done by line transect method which is conducted in May 2018 at Way Canguk Research Station, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia. We found 318 individuals of 32 Ficus species, consisting of 173 stranglers (23 species), 95 trees (6 species), 17 stakes (5 species), 17 seedlings (6 species), 4 creepers (2 species), and 4 lianas (1 species). According to each habitus, we found that F. altissima with the Importance Value Index (IV) of 51.79 occurred for strangler figs group. F. hispida has the highest importance value for trees group (88.93) and seedlings group (58.67). In addition, there was F. fistulosa has the highest important value for stakes group (98.06). Meanwhile, lianas and creepers are only counted individually. There was only F. depressa and F. globosa that have 3 types of habitus.

Mantangan (Merremia peltata) is the most important invasive species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) due to its fast-growing and spreading that potentially damage and threat biodiversity conservation. The objectives of this study were to determine the biomass stock and productivity of mantangan and the nutrient content of mantangan biomass grown in various classes of canopy cover. Stratified sampling was employed as a sampling method on three classes of canopy cover, i.e., sparse (light intensity > 70%), medium (light intensity 40 -70%), and dense (light intensity < 40%). A destructive method was used to collect biomass samples. The biomass harvesting was conducted twice. The first was conducted to determine biomass storage and nutrient content, and the second was conducted a month later to measure biomass productivity. The macronutrient content (N, P, K, and C-Organic) of mantangan was analyzed at the Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The results showed that the biomass stock and productivity differed in each canopy cover class. The highest biomass stock was found in sparse canopy cover (192 kg/ha), followed by medium (188 kg/ha) and dense (179 kg/ha). Biomass productivity was highest in sparse canopy cover (93 kg/ha/month), followed by medium (79 kg/ha/month) and dense (83 kg/ha/month), respectively. Surprisingly, the nutrient content and nutrient productivity of mantangan grown on medium canopy cover were higher than that of dense and sparse. Keywords: Biomass, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, invasive alien species, mantangan

Species diversity and regeneration of native species in Pennisetum ciliare (buffelgrass) pastures from the thornscrub of Sonora, México

Abstract. Rezekiah AA, Ruslan M, Kadir S, Mahmud. 2022. Vegetation composition and structure across land use types in a rotational cultivation system in Meratus Mountain, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4234-4242. The rotational cultivation system has become a local ecological knowledge of the Meratus Dayak community in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. This land management applies a cultivation system by dividing land into four types, namely pahumaan (cultivated area of annual crops), balukar anum (former cultivated field aged 3-6 years), jurungan (former field aged 7-12 years), and kabun buah (former fields aged more than 15 years). This study is aimed to investigate the floristic structure and composition of the vegetation in each land use type in the rotational cultivation system conducted by the Dayak Meratus community in three villages (i.e., Loksado, Lok Lahung and Haratai). Vegetation sampling was conducted purposively across four vegetation levels (i.e., seedlings, saplings, poles and trees) and the data was analyzed to calculate Important Value Index (IVI), Shannon-Wiener diversity index, species richness index and evenness index. The results showed that each land type had a certain vegetation structure and composition. In pahumaan, the dominant plant species were annual plants, especially crops. The balukar anum and jurungan were dominated by woody plants, while the kabun buah was dominated by fruit plants. The changes in vegetation structure and composition suggested that the succession process was in progress. The diversity index for each type of land use in the three villages was in the medium to high category. The species richness index was in the low to the high category, while the evenness index for all land uses in the three villages was at a high level. These findings suggest that traditional rotational farming activities carried out by the community did not damage the forest.

Although the effects of invasive alien plants on natural ecosystems are widely acknowledged, the effects of specific plant species can be context dependent. The study examined changes in native vegetation diversity and composition following Lantana camara invasion at different cover conditions in the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo Province of South Africa. Using a comparative approach, native vegetation diversity, cover, and composition were compared in L. camara high and low cover and uninvaded conditions, on three replicated sites, each with five 10 × 10 m plots. Results show that vegetation diversity (species richness, Shannon-Wiener, and evenness index) were significantly higher in the uninvaded condition than in the L. camara high and low invasion conditions. Species relative cover was significantly higher in uninvaded condition than in L. camara high and low invasion conditions, though it decreased gradually along the invasion cover gradient for trees and shrubs as well as forbs. Analysis of similarities showed significant separations in vegetation composition among the three invasion conditions for all the growth forms, with most woody alien plants, e.g. Acacia mearnsii, Rubus rigidus, and Caesalpinia decapetala being associated with L. camara high and low invasion conditions. The study concludes that invasion by L. camara was associated with changes in native vegetation diversity, cover, and composition, with observed changes being more visible under L. camara high as compared to low invasion condition. The presence of L. camara at high cover condition significantly decreased native species diversity and composition, an indication that impacts of L. camara invasion are cover dependent. From a management standpoint, the study suggests the removal of L. camara, however such removal should consider protecting the co-occurring native species. This study offers a baseline for further research to determine mechanisms responsible for native vegetation change associated with L. camara invasion.