The Impact of Government‐Business Relations on Entrepreneurship: A Study From China

Verification for Mediating Effect of Informal Finance between Social Capital and Entrepreneurship: Empirical Analysis Based on China's Provincial Panel Data

In this study based on evolutionary game theory and data on conditions in China, we determine the main factors affecting business entrepreneurship and innovation entrepreneurship. We consider internal and external perspectives regarding entrepreneurship–institutional quality and foreign direct investment (FDI). Accordingly, we find that institutional quality has a positive effect on nurturing entrepreneurship, especially business entrepreneurship, and FDI does not effectively stimulate entrepreneurship, particularly innovation entrepreneurship. With regard to spatial heterogeneity, in different regions, institutional quality and FDI have diverse effects on fostering entrepreneurship. According to the trend analysis, we find that the relationship between FDI and entrepreneurship takes an inverted‐U shape, in contrast to the relationship between most types of institutional quality and entrepreneurship. When FDI and institutional quality jointly cultivate entrepreneurship, the interaction between them is not effective. Moreover, we find that institutional quality affects entrepreneurship mostly through the channels of economic growth, the scale of the home market, and industrial upgrading. By contrast, FDI does not effectively affect these channels to further foster entrepreneurship. These conclusions not only enrich the literature on entrepreneurship but also offer insights into how entrepreneurship can be stimulated in China and the rest of the world.

The subject of the study is innovative entrepreneurship in Ukraine and digital business. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the features of Ukrainian innovative entrepreneurship and digital business development. Research methods. generalization, descriptive, comparison, methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization. Methodology of work. In the process of studying these issues were taken as a basis: the main provisions of innovative entrepreneurship, digital business, global economy, the work of well-known domestic and foreign scientists in this series. Results of work. The target market is analyzed through a visual section of search vectors of the target audience. Employees can use modern tools to provide the best services in digital business, including: availability of information and fast payment via POS; search for customers by accessing customer history on POS-devices; and sales based on intellectual advice. The article presents a visual section of target audience search vectors for digital entrepreneurs and key digital tools used in digital entrepreneurship. Field of application. The results of the study can be used in the study of problems: digital economy, global economy, international economy, national economy. Conclusions. The article analyzes and reveals the scientific and economic characteristics of the development and change of innovative entrepreneurship in the digital transformation of the Ukrainian economy.

The role of ports in the economic development of port cities: Panel evidence from China

The purpose of the study was to determine and empirically test the relationship between entrepreneurial competence and product innovation on performance through business strategies for PKK women, Banjarsari District, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. The sample consists of 100 PKK women who have a business or side business of batik patchwork, taken using a purposive random sampling technique. The data were analyzed concerning the Validity and Reliability test, Linearity, t-test, F-test, Coefficient of Determination, Path analysis and Correlation. The results of the test partially that product innovation and entrepreneurial competence and business strategy have a positive and significant effect on performance. Entrepreneurial competence and product innovation have a positive and significant effect on business strategy partly. The variables of entrepreneurial competence, product innovation and business strategy were able to contribute to improving performance by 78.22%, and the rest is explained by other variables such as entrepreneurial orientations, environment, competitive advantage and others. From the path analysis, it was found that business strategy could better mediate the effect of entrepreneurial competence and product innovation on performance. To improve performance through business strategies it is more effective if by increasing product innovation, after that entrepreneurial competence.

This paper uses panel OLS, IV, and system GMM methods to empirically study the effects of manufacturing and producer service corporate co-agglomeration on green economy efficiency (GEE) in China. Chinese panel data from 2000 to 2019 are collected to assess the GEE and co-agglomeration degrees. The regression results show that there is an “inverted U-shaped” relationship between co-agglomeration and GEE. However, regional heterogeneity is found in the effects of corporate co-agglomeration on GEE. The mediating analysis indicates that corporate co-agglomeration could increase GEE through business entrepreneurship and innovation entrepreneurship. Variables such as transportation infrastructure, human capital, foreign direct investment, and environmental regulations are also found to have an elevating effect on GEE, whereas local fiscal expenditure on environmental protection has little effect. The findings in this paper indicate that entrepreneurship plays an important role in the process of co-agglomeration impacting GEE which differs in different regions and thus provide references for corporate and regional sustainable development.

Entrepreneurship in online business is related to the rapidly growing number of internet literacy in Indonesia. Currently, 160 million people access the internet, making Indonesia an economical cake that creates a potential market. It encourages market competition and innovation in the red zone. Competition triggers business actors, including entrepreneurs, to rethink the strategies applied to win market competition relevant to the current phenomenon. The research question is related to how online business entrepreneurs take advantage of innovation to survive the business turbulence, such as developing technology, changing regulations, market tastes, and the need for social distancing in a pandemic situation. Innovative Entrepreneurship (IE), initially inspired by Schumpeter and Lumpkin Dess, is now further transformed by the evolution of generations from generation X to generation Y (millennial generation). Millennials have different characters and lifestyles, so that in terms of entrepreneurial characteristics, millennials have an IE perspective that brings their uniqueness. In line with the development of the internet and application breakthroughs by unicorn developers, E-marketplaces have become an interesting online business phenomenon to explore and create the dynamics of IE. This study is based on the perspective of technology-based entrepreneurship through a qualitative approach. The results of the study obtained an IE construct with millennial ownership. The construct of IE in the online business environment is formed by four dimensions, namely technology, work atmosphere, organizational strategy, and market agility. By applying these four dimensions, the IE construct will foster entrepreneurship to formulate better ways to survive and win the competition in the e-marketplace business environment.

The new global economy requires innovative businesses that can respond to all major challenges around the world. Innovative Entrepreneurship is an active field of research since innovation is nowadays crucial for the development of any business in the world. Policymakers are also focusing their attention on innovation in business because Innovative Entrepreneurship contributes to economic growth and job creation. To create an environment that supports Innovative Entrepreneurship it is appropriate to provide access to knowledge, labour, finance, and specific policies and regulations. Innovative Entrepreneurship has a new role in the economic development of any country that is interested in creating a competitive business environment. This paper aims to identify the most relevant research concerning Innovative Entrepreneurship and realize a bibliometric mapping of the information gathered during the investigation. To perform the bibliometric analysis was used a Scopus database which included articles related to Innovative Entrepreneurship. The processing of data has been carried out using VOSviewer, an effective tool for the visualization of bibliometric networks. The bibliometric mapping included multiple analysis such as co-authorship, citation, and co-occurrence. The results of this research can be a basis for present and future researchers who are operating in the field of entrepreneurship and who intend to investigate more thoroughly the importance of innovation for business development. Another important issue to be investigated is the development of innovative business models that can strengthen the business environment.

本報はアンケート調査により明らかとなった港湾都市の特徴を紹介するものである。行政意向調査を実施し集計した結果を以下に示す。1)各港湾都市が想定する港湾周辺地域の範囲を「地形」と「形状」の点から分類・整理した。2)多くの都市で指摘された課題は「景観」，「防災」，「観光」であった。3)港湾部と都市部のつながりの要件とその度合いをAHPを用いた分析により定量的に明らかにした。4)多くの港湾都市において、現在だけでなく今後においても観光関係の積極的な取り組みが見込まれている。

고성지역내 3개소의 수장층 고분군 가운데 송학동과 내산리 고분군은 해안변에 위치하여 포상팔국과 관련지어 볼수 있다. 내산리 고분군은 고성군의 동쪽에 위치하는데 남해안을 통해 대외교역을 담당한 세력으로 추정할 수 있다. 포상팔국의 규모는 대·소로 구분된다. 즉, 규모가 비교적 큰 고자국의 경우, 2~3개 읍락(邑落) 수준인데 비해 작은 소국은 1개 읍락 규모도 있었을 것이다. 송학동세력이 전자에 해당하고, 내산리세력이 후자에 해당할 것이다. 포상팔국은 경남 서남부 해안 일대의 항시(港市)의 연합체로서 이해관계로 얽힌 연맹관계로 볼 수 있다. 포상팔국의기원은 기원전후시기까지 거슬러 올라가는데, 이러한 연맹체는 5~6세기대의 소가야연맹체의 전신이라 할 것이다. 포상팔국은 항시들의 연합체이고 종적인 연맹관계보다는 횡적인 연맹관계로 파악된다. 항시의 발전단계는 교역장->항시->항시국가의 순으로 볼 수 있다. 사천 늑도는 교역장 수준이고, 마산 현동·고성 내산리유적이 대표적인 항시의 사례로 볼 수 있다. 몇 개의 항시를 통할하는 상위의 정치체를 항시국가로 본다면, 포상팔국 가운데 고자국을 초기적인 모습의 항시국가로 추정해 본다. 경남남해안에서 항시(국가)의 중심은 늑도→고 김해만→마산만→고성만으로 변화하였지만, 지역적 항시는 계속 유지되었다고 본다. 고대사회에서 남해안에는 여러 항시(국가)들이 존재했으며, 고성 송학동세력이 5세기 후반~6세기전반대에 항시국가로서 융성했을 때에 내산리세력은 종래 항시의 연장선에서 고성만의 송학동세력에 부용적인 존재로지속된 것으로 보인다. 항시(국가)의 성장은 통합지향이라기보다는 분립적이며 주변의 견제를 받아 연맹왕국-고대국가로 성장하는데 한계가 보인다.The ancient tombs of Songhak-dong and Naesan-ri, among the ancient tombs of the ruling class in three locations within the Goseong region, are located on the coast. It suggests some association with posang palguk(浦上八國). The ancient tombs of Naesan-ri are situated on the eastern area of Goseong-gun (county) and presumed to belong to the group that took control of foreign trade along the south coast. The size of posang palguk is divided into large and small. Gojaguk, which was relatively large, was about the size of two or three towns(邑落), whereas small ones could have been the size of one town. The Songhak-dong group would belong to the former and Naesan-ri group, latter. Posang palguk can be understood as a federation of the port cities (港市) in the southwestern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do (province) or an alliance of states associated with each other. The origin of posang palguk goes as far back as the time of B.C.E. The federation should be the predecessor of Sogaya Federation during the fifth to sixth centuries. Posang palguk is a federation of port cities and is understood as a horizontal federation than a vertical one. It is understood that the port cities developed in the order of trading post -> port city -> port city-state. The center of the port city (state) along the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do changed from Neukdo Island → Gimhae → Masan Bay → Goseong, but local port cities continued to remain. These port cities (states) existed along the south coast in ancient society. It is deemed that the Songhak-dong group flourished as a port city-state from the late fifth century to the early sixth century and the Naesan-ri group remained a port city dependent on the Songhak-dong group.

PM2.5 source apportionment for the port city of Thessaloniki, Greece

The research purpose. The article under consideration is devoted to the problem of reconstructing the everyday life of Mariupol residents in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The author summarises certain results of its study and, on the basis of materials from reference books, periodicals, photographic documents, and sources of personal origin, identifies the most important components of urban everyday life, old and new cultural practices, and the time cycle of the city's life. The main research findings. The research reveals that the urban culture of Mariupol, like many commercial and industrial centres of southern Ukraine, especially since the late nineteenth century, has been developing in new realities. The specific combination of functions, including 'port city' and 'large industrial centre', in the economy of Mariupol, its involvement in foreign trade, and the active participation of foreign citizens (merchants and industrialists) in the economic and social life of the city, resulted in a rapid westernisation of urban everyday life, especially in the early twentieth century. Consequently, the gap between the culture of urban elites and ordinary residents gradually disappeared. It has been demonstrated that this phenomenon is most clearly evident in the emergence of infrastructure common to all categories of the population, as well as in the development of shared urban spaces for leisure activities, such as recreational areas, including city gardens and squares, as well as theatres and cinemas. The wider use of technical means had a significant impact on the city's entertainment culture and its mass appeal, particularly in the fields of communications, public transport, cinema and mass media. The early 20th century witnessed a significant telephonisation of the city, ranking it second only to the provincial city of Katerynoslav in terms of its telephone coverage. Concurrently, new routes, including automobile ones, were established to connect the city with its industrial suburbs and the port. Plans for the introduction of trams were also discussed in the city council. Cinemas, a popular form of leisure, emerged not only in the city centre but also in suburban working-class communities. Concurrently, the daily city newspaper, Mariupolskaya Zhizn, was established. The city witnessed the opening of two gymnasiums, a network of primary schools, libraries, and bookstores, contributing to the enhancement of residents' awareness regarding health, nutrition, clothing, and leisure. Conclusions. Despite the numerous changes that have occurred, it has been determined that the influence of the Greek community of immigrants from the Crimea has remained the most significant, despite its significant decline in proportion to other ethnic groups that constituted the city's population in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is particularly evident in the preservation of names in the urban topography of the old part of the city, which is associated with the Crimean period of the Greek community's history, as well as in the preservation of certain production and festive practices and food traditions. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the preservation of names in the urban topography of the old part of the city, which are associated with the Crimean period of the Greek community's history. It is also evident in the preservation of certain production and festive practices and food traditions. Key words: Mariupol, everyday life, citizens, urbanisation, urban space, urban culture.

Creativity is a crucial skill for business entrepreneurs, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the objective of this research is to examine the influence of entrepreneurial creativity using the Cognitive Process Associated with Creativity (CPAC) scale model to examine its influence on business innovation and the success of small business entrepreneurs in the post COVID-19 context according to the concept of CPAC Model as a tool to study, together with, the variables on business innovation and the success of business entrepreneurs. The findings show that the CPAC model positively influences business innovation, which in turn contributes to the success of business entrepreneurs. Thus, the findings of this research suggest that business entrepreneurs need to use creativity so that their performance leads to business innovation and to business success. The results also suggest that the CPAC model be examined in other samples to explore the perspectives of individuals regarding the use of creativity to support the search for leveraging creativity for successful business operations. This research encompasses the CPAC model into entrepreneurship, showing how cognitive processes foster innovation and business success, with both theoretical and practical contributions.

Environmental efficiency analysis of port cities: Slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis approach

Using the rank scale rule, taking 47 major port cities in China from 2001 to 2015 as research samples, this paper discusses the rank scale characteristics and hierarchical structure of coastal port city system from a multi-functional perspective, and divides the coupling type of multi-functional development based on shipping logistics. The research shows that: 1) from 2001 to 2015, the scale-free area of manufacturing function order scale distribution in the coastal port city system appeared bifractal structure, the hierarchical segmentation characteristics appeared, and the other functions were single fractal; From the perspective of long-term evolution, only the order and scale distribution of shipping logistics function has developed from centralization to equilibrium, while the business function, manufacturing function (scale-free region I), modern service function and population distribution function are in a centralized situation. 2) The hierarchical structure of coastal port city system has gradually changed from pyramid structure to spindle structure, and generally formed five levels: national hub, regional hub, regional sub center, regional node and local node. 3) From the perspective of multi-functional coupling types, the traditional functions of port cities are generally ahead, while the high-end service functions lag behind, and the improvement speed of urban functions is slow and tends to be flat, indicating that the multi-functional development of China’s coastal port cities is still at a low level, and the industrial system structure needs to be further optimized. 4) From the perspective of port cities at different levels, the functions of regional hub cities and regional sub central cities are in the stage of rapid growth; regional and local node cities are still in the growth stage of traditional functions such as industry and commerce.