The Impact of Educational Attainment and Professional on Women's Income Contribution in Indonesian Human Resource Management

This research aims to analyze the determinants of women's income, education level and economic growth rate on poverty in East Nusa Tenggara Province using panel data from 21 districts and 1 city during the period 2017 – 2023. This research adopts a panel regression model with the Common Effect Model method ( CEM), Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM) with the selection of the best model through the Chow and Hausman tests. The results of this research provide interesting findings. Even though women's education levels are proven to be positively correlated with poverty reduction in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Province, women's income and the rate of economic growth do not show a significant influence.

The research was done descriptively and cross-sectionally to define the relationship between women's health literacy and their anxiety levels regarding breast cancer. 315 female patients participated in the study who are over the age of 20 and inpatient women of a training and research hospital. The interval of study was three months (May and July 2022). Researchers obtained the research data with face-to-face interview technique and they used the "Personal Information Form", "Breast Cancer Concern Scale (BCCS)", and "Health Literacy Scale (HLS)". The mean HLS and BCSS scores of women were 103.8±19 and 9.2±5.6 respectively. It has been found that women's employment status, menopause, education level and knowledge of breast self-examination (BSE) and having BSE have an impact on their level of health literacy. With correlation analysis, it was defined that there was a statistically insignificant and low level, negative relationship between the women’s total mean scores of HLS and the BCCS (r=-0.06, p>0.05). As a result, it was determined that women had above moderate level of health literacy and low level of anxiety about breast cancer, and there was no relationship between health literacy level and breast cancer anxiety. The results showed that women's education level, working outside the home, menopause status, and whether they know and regularly practice BSE affect their health literacy.

Women's underage marriage (<18 years) is associated with adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Poverty in the natal household has been widely considered to be a key risk factor for underage marriage, but the evidence base is unreliable. When investigating this issue, most studies use marital wealth inappropriately, as a proxy for wealth in the natal household. In contrast, we investigated whether the timing of women's marriage was associated with the wealth of the households they marry into, and how this may vary by women's education level. This approach allows us to explore a different set of research questions which help to understand the economic value placed on the timing of women's marriage. We used data on 3,102 women aged 12-34 years, surveyed within 1 year of marriage, from the cluster-randomized Low Birth Weight South Asia Trial in lowland rural Nepal. Linear mixed-effects regression models investigated independent associations of women's marriage age and education level with marital household wealth, and their interactive effects. Models adjusted for marital household traits. We analysed the full sample, and then only the uneducated women, who comprised a substantial proportion in our sample. In the full sample, we found that each later year of women's marriage was associated with 1.5% lower asset score for those with primary education, and with 0.3% and 1.3% higher asset score for those with lower secondary or secondary/higher education, respectively. For uneducated women, relative to marrying ≤14 years, marrying at 15, 16, 17 and ≥18 years was associated with 1.5%, 4.4%, 2.4% and 6.2% greater marital asset score respectively. On average, marrying ≥18 years was associated with greater marital assets for secondary-educated women. There were only very modest benefits in terms of marital household wealth for delaying marriage beyond 16 years for uneducated women or those with low education. These findings elucidate potential trade-offs faced by families, including decisions over how much education, if any, to provide to daughters. They may help to understand the economic rationale underpinning the timing of marriage, and why early marriage remains common despite efforts to delay it.

This study aims to examine the effect of women leadership, education level, financing and investment on the profitability of Islamic banks. The type of data used is secondary data in the form of annual reports of Islamic banks for the 2016-2020 period. Data collection was carried out using purposive sampling technique so that the sample obtained for research was 12 Islamic banks. The analytical tool used in this panel data regression with dummy variables is e-views 10 software. The results showed that partially financing and investment have a positive and significant effect on the profitability of Islamic banks, while women leadership and education level have no effect on profitability. Simultaneously, women's leadership, education level, financing and investment have an influence on profitability. Then based on the results of the determination test shows that the independent variables in the form of women's leadership, education level, financing and investment are able to explain the dependent variable profitability by 99%, while the other 1% is explained by other variables not mentioned in this study.

The correlation among pregnant woman's education level with knowledge and behaviour on readiness toward COVID-19 pandemic.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of women's education and income levels on HIV prevalence among women accessing care and treatment. The prevalence of HIV among Kenyan women is 6.6 per cent, more than twice as high as the prevalence among men (3.1%). Women in Murang'a County, Kenya, had a threefold higher risk of contracting HIV than men (2.4% vs. 7.8%). It is still unclear what specifically accounts for the high incidence rate among adult women, particularly in Murang'a County. A cross-sectional survey was used to determine social determinants of HIV prevalence among women in Murang’a County, Kenya. Respondents to the study were women getting HIV therapy at Murang'a County Level 5 Hospital in Kenya. The study selected 167 participants using a strict random selection methodology. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to conduct descriptive and inferential statistical analyses on numerical data. The findings indicated by odds ratio showed that education level increases, HIV prevalence and that access to formal employment decreases HIV prevalence among women in Murang’a County. The study results are of help to the County government of Murang'a, where HIV is particularly prevalent. The results will also help to accelerate the realisation of Vision 2030 goals by illuminating the social determinants that contribute to HIV prevalence among women in Murang’a County. The study recommends programmes be launched that enhance women's education and training.

Maternal mortality has been among one of the most significant global health problems despite noteworthy decreases in maternal mortality during recent decades, and reducing maternal mortality is one of the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Objectives: This study investigates the effect of women's education, ICTs (information and communication technologies), and income level on maternal mortality in the BRIICS countries for the 2000-2020 period. Methods: Panel causality and regression approaches are employed to analyze the interaction amongst women's education, ICTs, income level, and maternal mortality. Results: The results of the causality test reveal that women's education, ICTs, and income have a significant influence on the maternal mortality ratio. Specifically, the regression results indicate that women's education, ICTs, and income have a negative effect on maternal mortality, but women's education has been identified as one of the most significant factors in reducing maternal mortality ratios. Conclusions: Institutional and legal measures to increase women's education would be useful to globally decrease maternal mortality.

This article aims to study the factors influencing Chinese women's marriage intention, so as to put forward corresponding policy suggestions and promote the solution of marriage-related social problems. This paper applys several statistical methods to, deal with such problem. After conducting correlation analysis, unit root test and cointegration test on the data, this paper made LM test, F test and Horsman test, and determined to adopt the fixed effect model for research. This paper uses fixed effect model to study the influence of women's education level, women's wage level and GDP on Chinese women's marriage and divorce intention. The data in this paper come from China Statistical Yearbook, collecting data from 1999 to 2020 in China's provinces for research. According to the model results, this paper has two main conclusions. First, the wage level is inversely related to women's willingness to divorce. Second, the women's education level is inversely related to women's willingness to marry. The higher education level women have, the lower willingness to marry they have.

The significant a reason of female poverty is that in general, women aren't considered to be in the labour market. Women that are in the labour market either in lower status from men or perform informal jobs or get paid less money even when they're employed in the same jobs. Female employment rate or women's education level are indicator of female poverty. The aim of this paper is to analyse female poverty in Turkey and selected OECD countries. This study obtained the female employment rate and women's education level data from the Economic Co-operation and Development database for the years between 2008-2019. Graphic by these data were analyzed comparative data analysis. In addition, specifically for the analysis of structure of women's employment in Turkey was to get data related to part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers from Turkish Statistical Institute. The results show that both women in labour market and women's education levels are extremely low level in Turkey compared to selected OECD countries. Part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers have place in women's employment. When women's employment increases it's expected to see that women poverty decreases. But women in Turkey mostly works in informal jobs or flexible working hours. This situation isn't enough effective enough to struggle fight female poverty and this resulted working women poverty. Firstly, policies should be developed to improve women will have increased participation in the qualified workforce and to length of stay in education by governments.

Education and equality: Comparative perspectives on the expansion of education and women in the post-war period

<i>Women, Education, and Family Structure in India.</i>Carol Chapnick Mukhopadhyay and Susan Seymour, eds

The purpose of this study is to analyze the simultaneous and partial influences of the ideal number of children, women's employment status, family perceptions of male children, age at first marriage, and women's education level on fertility rates in the Karangasem District, as well as to analyze the role of women's education level in moderating the impact of age at first marriage on fertility rates in the Karangasem District. This study employs a quantitative method with an associative approach. It utilizes Snowball Sampling and Accidental Sampling techniques for sampling. Data collection was conducted using observation, structured interviews, and in-depth interviews with a sample size of 99 Couples of Reproductive Age (CRA). The data analysis technique used is moderation regression analysis. The results of this study indicate: 1) The ideal number of children, women's employment status, family perceptions of male children, age at first marriage, and women's education level have a simultaneous and significant effect on fertility rates; 2) Age at first marriage and women's education level have a negative and significant impact on fertility rates; 3) The ideal number of children and family perceptions of male children have a positive and significant impact on fertility rates; 4) Women working in the formal sector have lower fertility rates than those in the informal sector; 5) Women's education level as a moderating variable strengthens the influence of age at first marriage on fertility rates.

BackgroundEmpirical evidence on the link between agrobiodiversity and dietary diversity appears to be inconclusive. Thus, there arises a need to determine other factors that could significantly influence dietary diversity in different agro-ecological zones, as factors may vary from region to region.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to document the status of agrobiodiversity and dietary diversity and to assess the determinants of dietary diversity among women of reproductive age in two different agro-ecological zones of Rongai Sub-County in Kenya.DesignA cross-sectional study of 384 women aged 18–49 years was conducted. Agrobiodiversity was measured using the Shannon-Wiener index, species richness (count) and production diversity score. A 24-hour dietary recall was used to determine minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) of reproductive age.ResultsAlthough the level of agrobiodiversity was different between the low and high agro-ecological zones (using Shannon-Wiener index); the women’s dietary diversity was not different (p > 0.05) between low (3.78 ± 0.99) and high potential areas (3.84 ± 1.05). In multivariate logistic regression, there was no association (p > 0.05) between agrobiodiversity indicators and dietary diversity across the two agricultural zones. Factors influencing MDD-W in two agricultural zones were different. In low potential areas, woman’s education level positively determined dietary diversity, while in high potential areas household gender, woman’s education level, woman’s age and family size influenced MDD-W.ConclusionThe proportion of women who met minimum dietary diversity was low. Although agrobiodiversity was different in the two agro-ecological zones, women’s dietary diversity scores were similar. In low agricultural potential areas, only education level influenced women’s dietary diversity while household gender, education level, age and family size were the important determinants in high agricultural potential areas. Therefore, it is recommended that nutrition interventions focusing on lessening malnutrition and improving dietary quality should pay special attention to differences in agro-ecological zones to develop region-specific interventions instead of generalizing interventions.

Background Previous studies have shown that women's education is protective against corporal punishment (CP) of children. However, the effect that women's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) has on the association between women's education and children's CP has not been studied. Objective To understand how the interaction between women's exposure to IPV and their education level influences the occurrence of children's CP at the household level. Methods We selected 10,156 women who had at least one child less than 16 years old from cross-sectional data from the 2006–2007 Nicaraguan Demographic and Health Survey. Children's CP was defined as the punishment of children by slapping them, hitting them with a fist, or hitting them with a rope, belt, stick, or other object. IPV was measured by using a conflict tactic scale. The WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 (SRQ-20) was used to assess the women's mental health. We computed adjusted risk ratios (ARR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Poisson regression with a robust variance estimator. Results Women's exposure to IPV was associated with a 10–17% increase in the risk of children's CP. IPV and children's CP were associated with impaired women's mental health. Women's lifetime exposure to emotional IPV and controlling behavior by a partner significantly decreased the protective effect from women's high education level on children's CP. When women were exposed to emotional IPV, the protective effect from having a college education decreased from ARR=0.61 (95% CI 0.47–0.80) to ARR=0.98 (95% CI 0.80–1.19). A similar pattern was found among women exposed to controlling behavior by a partner, the protective effect decreased from ARR=0.71 (95% CI 0.53–0.90) to ARR=0.86 (95% CI 0.70–1.06). Conclusion This study shows how significant gains in one positive social determinant of children's well-being can be undermined when it interacts with men's violence toward women. Policies that aim to end children's CP must include actions to end women's exposure to IPV.

Willingness of Infertile Couples to Pay for In Vitro Fertilization Treatment in the Integrated Human Reproduction Section of the Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo Federal University