The Impact of Education in Combating the Development of the Trafficking in Human Beings Process

This research will discuss the impact of education on combating the development of the process of trafficking in human beings, as a growing phenomenon in Kosovar society. Trafficking in human beings is a violation of fundamental human rights, a negative phenomenon, as well as a concern and a danger to the whole society. Kosovo is a country in transition, where trafficking in human beings is a great challenge to Kosovar society, especially bearing in mind that this phenomenon developed in the post-war years in Kosovo. The phenomenon of trafficking in human beings dates back to the early days of humanity (from the slave-owner society), but now the forms and patterns of trafficking have changed, transforming into "modern slavery". This phenomenon has become a concern of Kosovar society, which is constantly making great (institutional) efforts to combat this phenomenon. Among the most relevant factors for combating trafficking in human beings is education as a basic factor of a healthy society, which shapes the personality of young people and builds the foundations of a vital society which builds its future on social values and fights trafficking with human beings. Thus, the role of education in a society, as well as the path towards combating the process of trafficking in human beings is analyzed by: family, education, social circle, tradition, community culture, state policies and other competent accompanying institutions. The thesis of this research will be: How does education impact on the fight against the evelopment of the process of trafficking in human beings in Kosovo society? Many authors have given different opinions about education as a factor in combating trafficking in human beings and its impact on society, which will be discussed below. Thus, the paper tends to concretize the impact of education on prevention of trafficking in human beings, where the interview method was used, which was conducted with the competent education officials. As a result of a country with a low level of economic development, high level of poverty, inadequate quality of education, shortcomings in social policies, dysfunctional level of legal infrastructure, we conclude that all these influential factors in combating the phenomenon of trafficking with human beings, remain a constant task for their improvement in our society.

Legislative support for combating human trafficking is represented by such documents as the UN Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings and the Exploitation of Prostitution by Third Parties of 2.12.1949, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 16.12.1966, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. December 18, 1979, Declaration of European Recommendations on Effective Measures to Prevent Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation, 1997, Council of Europe Joint Action Document, 1997, UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, November 15, 2000, Protocol on the prevention, prevention and punishment of trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe “On sexual exploitation, pornography, prostitution and trafficking in human beings and adolescents” and others. National anti-trafficking legislation includes: the Constitution of Ukraine, the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Laws of Ukraine: “On Combating Trafficking in Human Beings”, “On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence”, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of February 24, 2016. № 111 “On approval of the State Social Program to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings until 2020”, Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of 08.04.2016 № 405 “On approval of the action plan of the Ministry of Education and Science to combat trafficking in human beings until 2020”.Modern international legal regulation of combating trafficking in human beings includes a fairly large array of various legal acts, including: the UN Convention against Trafficking in Human Beings and the Exploitation of Prostitution by Third Parties, the UN Convention on Transnational Crime and the Protocol to Prevent and Suppress trafficking in human beings, especially women and children, and the ILO Convention, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, etc. And although international norms are quite clear, there are still gaps in that implementation. Yes, the Palermo Protocol calls for a comprehensive approach to combating human trafficking, but it is still not fully implemented. States often try to combat trafficking only in terms of migration or solely in terms of combating crime on their territory, but such a shameful phenomenon as human trafficking is unfortunately a global problem and must be addressed systematically and jointly. States must recognize and implement all international treaties relating to trafficking in human beings in order to make every effort to combat this problem. Ukraine has launched a large-scale anti-trafficking campaign in the post-Soviet space. Since independence, national legislation aimed at eliminating trafficking in human beings has been developed based on international best practices, and a set of measures to improve the effectiveness of combating the threat of trafficking and ensuring the security of the country's population has been implemented within the framework of state programs to combat trafficking and illegal migration. In order to minimize the phenomenon of human trafficking, efforts are being consolidated at the regional and interagency levels by strengthening international cooperation and implementing best practices.

Opinions, stances of the Albanian community about self-determination and the political demands for an independent political and territorial status of Kosovo by various colonial regimes, are longstanding. The disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was followed with wars among its constituent parts, and after the international military intervention, the peace was established in the region. By the Resolution 1244 of the Security Council of the UNO, in its 4001 meeting, adopted in June 1999, Kosovo was set under the international civil administration, which was accompanied by the deployment of military defence structure of KFOR, reaching a number of 35 000 soldiers, and the UNMIK civilian structure comprising a staff of 15 000 officials. A lot of various international non-governmental and governmental organizations were also deployed to Kosovo, which tremendously increased the presence of persons with origin of other countries. Such a situation created some favourable conditions for the criminal groups in order to expand the phenomenon of trafficking in persons to such a place as Kosovo being until 1999, trafficking in persons appeared on a low capacity and dynamics, and mainly as a transitional country with the intent of sexual use, while domestic trafficking was still unknown. However, this criminal phenomenon has been constantly increasing and reaching a concerning level, especially after 1999, on the occasion of setting Kosovo under the international administration by the UNO, the territory of Kosovo was no longer considered only a transitional country but also as destination location for the victims of trafficking in persons. The introduction and prevalence of this criminal phenomenon is as a result of Kosovo getting opened to the world, the organization of national criminal groups in cooperation with international organized criminal network. Undoubtedly, the increased number of persons originating from other countries as personnel of the international organizations to Kosovo contributed in increasing the number of trafficking in persons, because it was established that many potential clients using victims sexually were foreign citizens. Moreover, the lack of legal infrastructure on the combat and prevention of trafficking in persons as defined by international legal acts. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s5p315

The Transnational Illegal Market of Trafficking in Human Beings – Actors and Discourses: A Transatlantic Comparison

This study aims to analyze implementation of human rights in economic field and role of the Government, Educational Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations in the prevention and control of trafficking in women. How to achieve the goal, is done by empirical studies and documentation studies, to obtain primary and secondary data. This research is descriptive analytical. The approach method used is empirical juridical. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. Factors that cause the implementation of human rights in the economic field have not been fully realized because between legal policies and legal implementation have not been running consistently and simultaneously. The realization of human rights in the economic field is still only limited to issues and has not become a concrete implementation. The role of the Government in the prevention and overcoming of trafficking in women is still limited to political will by the issuance of a law that ratifies the ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, then followed by Institutional Infrastructure Compilation. The role of Educational Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations in the prevention and prevention of trafficking in women, has responded with action, prevention and handling of trafficking in women, through the socio-economic empowerment of families and advocacy in handling cases of trafficking in women. The struggle and movement for the achievement of feminism justice, in the economic field is carried out by empowering the family economy, improving education and expanding access to job search for women by utilizing information technology.

The subject of the article is the problem of trafficking in human beings and the mechanisms to prevent it. Beginning with the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, its definition is explained, as well as the forms it takes. Trafficking in human beings is a form of modern slavery and a serious crime that grossly violates fundamental human rights, the essence of which is to use a person even with his consent, using the methods and means indicated in the penal code. Every year, traffickers fall victim to millions of people around the world: women and men, adults and children. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, and they all relate to earning money. Effective counteracting and combating this crime requires the participation and cooperation of many government administration entities and non-governmental organizations. For years, states have been trying to counteract this phenomenon, and to this end, numerous protocols and directives have been developed to protect individuals who are victims of trafficking in human beings.

Since Vietnam's advances in “capitalist globalisation” in the late 1980s, it is argued to have become a source and destination country of trafficking in men, women and children. Considered a global problem, human trafficking draws together an array of national and international actors, governing logics and practices in its global governance. This article examines how, in the prevention of trafficking in women and children in Vietnam, a global neoliberal governance logic converged with socialism. Specifically, it focuses on one site where this can be seen playing out, namely in the attempt to prevent trafficking in women and children in the Mekong Delta area in the mid-2000s. The article draws particular attention to the affective economies at play in the discursive regimes of Vietnamese femininity deployed to prevent the trafficking of women and girls. It thereby complements a Foucauldian reading of governance with Ahmed's work on the cultural politics of emotions.

Extensive developments and changes in the economic, political, social, cultural and scientific fields have undoubtedly brought problems and disturbing phenomena in many parts of the world, such as the trafficking and exploitation of human beings. Every year many women, girls and children are illegally transported across the borders of their countries of origin, sold or bought, bringing to mind all the primitive ways of human slavery, seen in stark contrast to the galloping development that society has taken today, as well as aspirations for a worldwide civilization and citizenship. Regarding Albania, the beginning of trafficking in human beings dates in 1995 (Annual Analysis of 2003 of the State Social Service, Tirana), where the country found itself in a situation of instability of political, economic, social and cultural changes, as well as in a transitional geographical position to was used by traffickers, mostly Albanians, as an “open door” for the recruitment, transportation and sale of women, girls and children from Moldova, Russia, Romania, Turkey, Albania, China, etc. Albania is identified as a source and transit country for trafficked women and children. In addition, many NGOs and international organizations report significant increase cases in the trafficking of human beings. In 1999, official sources reported that young women and girls had been lured or abducted from refugee camps in Albania during the Kosovo crisis and then sold for prostitution in Italy and the United Kingdom. Reports from Italy, Germany, Belgium and the UK suggest that Albanian women and girls, which are trafficked for prostitution mostly are from rural areas (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Review Conference, September 1999). It is almost common to talk about the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, about the motivating and attractive factors, the consequences associated with this phenomenon of Albanian society. Given the extent of the trafficking phenomenon during the last 30 years transition period in Albania, the Government has made different legislative and institutional efforts, through a strategic approach to combat and mitigate this phenomenon. However, the elements of identification, protection, reintegration and long-term rehabilitation for victims of trafficking remain issues of concern and still not properly addressed, in the context of the institutional fight against trafficking in persons, which should have as its primary goal the protection of the human rights for victims of trafficking and not their further violation or re-victimization (Annual Report of the European Commission, 2007).

Development of policies for the prevention of every nature of organized crime from the security institutions of the Republic of Kosovo is an important element through which is aimed the coordination of works and prevention activities in order to respond to negative phenomena through taking precautions. Prevention means all activities that impact on halting and reducing crime as a social phenomenon, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively, through occasional initiatives (ad hoc). Advancing capacity to prevent crime is the need of the time and the challenge faced by the countries of the Western Balkans, especially Kosovo, because in this area there is still the old belief that only the police should be involved to prevent and fight trafficking of human beings. Nature and trends of trafficking of human beings have taken a direction in which the police as law enforcement agency cannot as such prevent these crime phenomena. Therefore, it is time imperative that in the field of crime prevention of human trafficking engage all relevant institutions with special emphasis on civil society and community in particular. To cope with the challenges of preventing and fighting trafficking of human beings, activities within state’s territory are not sufficient, but it is vital that states align and coordinate activities at the regional level in real time, place and space identified for common actions. This paper aims to address this phenomenon not only in the case of Kosovo, but also in the Western Balkan region. The main thesis of this paper is the articulation of the problem in order to successfully prevent the phenomenon of trafficking of human beings through awareness of citizens, while from institutions is required opening of perspectives for new generations, for work and life, through economic development, fighting poverty, stimulating employment and preventing the migration in different countries. To successfully prevent crime, particularly trafficking in human beings, it is necessary that responsible institutions have sufficient human resources, specialized and equipped with technical tools and necessary technology, to have continuous specialized training and to deal with all phenomena of organized crime.

Development of policies for the prevention of every nature of organized crime from the security institutions of the Republic of Kosovo is an important element through which is aimed the coordination of works and prevention activities in order to respond to negative phenomena through taking precautions. Prevention means all activities that impact on halting and reducing crime as a social phenomenon, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively, through occasional initiatives (ad hoc). Advancing capacity to prevent crime is the need of the time and the challenge faced by the countries of the Western Balkans, especially Kosovo, because in this area there is still the old belief that only the police should be involved to prevent and fight trafficking of human beings. Nature and trends of trafficking of human beings have taken a direction in which the police as law enforcement agency cannot as such prevent these crime phenomena. Therefore, it is time imperative that in the field of crime prevention of human trafficking engage all relevant institutions with special emphasis on civil society and community in particular. To cope with the challenges of preventing and fighting trafficking of human beings, activities within state’s territory are not sufficient, but it is vital that states align and coordinate activities at the regional level in real time, place and space identified for common actions. This paper aims to address this phenomenon not only in the case of Kosovo, but also in the Western Balkan region. The main thesis of this paper is the articulation of the problem in order to successfully prevent the phenomenon of trafficking of human beings through awareness of citizens, while from institutions is required opening of perspectives for new generations, for work and life, through economic development, fighting poverty, stimulating employment and preventing the migration in different countries. To successfully prevent crime, particularly trafficking in human beings, it is necessary that responsible institutions have sufficient human resources, specialized and equipped with technical tools and necessary technology, to have continuous specialized training and to deal with all phenomena of organized crime.

Exploring the Analogy between Modern Trafficking in Humans and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Human trafficking lies at the heart of international organised crime. It is concerned with profits in terms of the exploitation of human beings. It is an abuse of basic rights. The enormous interest and concern for trafficking and human struggling is factual evidence. In the EU, policy on irregular migration is driven by the perception that the member states risk being overwhelmed by large numbers of irregular migrants thought to constitute a threat to national security. This has implications for policy measures designed to combat trafficking and human smuggling, which may not work without international cooperation. In most cases, victims are brought to the EU member states from abroad. This creates a demand for international obligations for cooperation and related instruments for combating human smuggling and trafficking. Therefore, the member states and their law enforcement agencies cannot tackle human trafficking alone. A question arises as to whether Turkey can be a vital partner, based on the facts that it is a transit country, with a strong border and assuming that it has a role to play, through its expertise and its commitment to dealing with the effects of trafficking. Unfortunately, these facts are still overlooked, while disproportionately intensive efforts are expended on dealing with questions of national security by the member states. Combating illegal immigration and reducing and controlling migration are frequently seen through the magnifying glass of the struggle against human trafficking. This article focuses on the international factors involved and how the wider international community might be able to play an effective role in helping to tackle human trafficking. It argues that continued coordination and collaboration across the countries is vital. The article reviews the empirical evidence from Turkey, as non-EU/candidate countries' cooperation and assistance in human trafficking may have an important dimension.

People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons is a transnational crime that involves many countries trying to work together to eradicate, fight and prevent these crimes. Indonesian Immigration as a government agency that has the function of supervising the movement of traffic in and out of the territory of a country, has a major role in eradicating crimes of people smuggling and trafficking in persons. The strategic geographical condition of Indonesia's territory allows people to be smuggled. There are many factors that influence the occurrence of this incident, one of which is geographical conditions and a high level of poverty and the lack of knowledge of Indonesian citizens related to crimes of trafficking in persons and people smuggling are factors that trigger the occurrence of crimes of human smuggling and trafficking in persons. The high number of perpetrators and victims of People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons whose victims are Indonesian citizens is a spur and an urgency for Indonesian Immigration to take preventive and repressive measures in eradicating the crime of People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons. The role of immigration is needed in dealing with this. Law number 6 of 2011 concerning immigration is the legal basis for carrying out the duties and functions of Immigration. One of the functions of immigration, namely supervision, is a major concern in eradicating crimes of People Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons. Supervision is carried out when Indonesian citizens apply for travel documents and supervision at Immigration Checkpoints either at seaports, airports, cross-border posts, or other places as places of entry and exit from the Indonesian Territory which are places where inspections of peop\\tory are carried out. Indonesia, as well as supervision at the borders of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Supervision is carried out to ensure that migrants enter and leave Indonesian territory legally through Immigration Checkpoints in accordance with Immigration Law Number. 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the identification and understanding of what it means to be ‘taking into account the gender perspective, to strengthen the prevention of this crime and protection of the victims there-of’, as required in Article 1 of European Union (EU) Directive 2011/36/EU on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings and Protecting its Victims in the context of the EU Strategy (COM(2012) 286 final) Towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings. The study contributes to Priority E Action 2 of the Strategy, which states that ‘the Commission will develop knowledge on the gender dimensions of human trafficking, including the gender consequences of the various forms of trafficking and potential differences in the vulnerability of men and women to victimisation and its impact on them.’ Its specific objectives and tasks are to address: the ‘gender dimension of vulnerability, recruitment, and victimisation’; ‘gender issues related to traffickers and to those creating demand’; and ‘an examination of law and policy responses on trafficking in human beings from a gender perspective’. The study addresses the five priorities of the EU Strategy: identifying, protecting, and assisting victims of traf-ficking; stepping up the prevention of trafficking in human beings; better law enforcement; enhanced coordination and cooperation among key actors and policy coherence; and increased knowledge of an effective response to emerging concerns. This study, according to its terms of reference, aims to look specifically at the gender dimension of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. This follows evidence from statistical data from Eurostat, as well as da-ta from The European Police Office (Europol) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), accord-ing to which the most reported form of exploitation of victims is that of sexual exploitation and its strong gen-der dimension (96 % women and girls). It further addresses recommendations addressed in the Resolution of the European Parliament of 26 February 2014 on sexual exploitation and prostitution and its impact on gender equality (2013/2103(INI)) urging the European Commission to evaluate the impact that the European legal frame-work designed to eliminate trafficking for sexual exploitation has had to date and to undertake further research on patterns of prostitution, on human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on the increased lev-el of sex tourism in the EU, with particular reference to minors, and to promote the exchange of best practices among the Member States. The study identifies and draws on EU law and policy competence in gender equality in its identification of the gen-der dimensions of trafficking. The gender dimensions are clustered into five issues: gender specificity and equal treatment; gender expertise, gender balance in decision-making and gender mainstreaming; the relationship be-tween prostitution and trafficking; gendered policy fields and strategic priorities; gendered systems and the the-ory of prevention.

Asean Convention Against Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children is a convention that has been ratified in Indonesia into Law Number 12 of 2017 containing opposition to trafficking in persons, especially women and children and an important role and duties of the state in order to fight against trafficking in persons. The protection of women as a victim of trafficking in persons is contained in Article 14 which contains 14 points of tasks that must be carried out by the state in protecting victims of trafficking in persons. Prevention of trafficking in persons that must be carried out by the state is contained in Article 11 which contains 5 points of preventive measures. The fact that happened in Indonesia, this regulation has not been realized and the benefits have not been felt by the peoples especially women who have been involved and being victims of trafficking in persons. New regulations that are in line with international law and protect the vistims have not been made as a follow-up to this convention, and implementation and monitoring are still at a low level