Abstract
BACKGROUND: Maternal and infant mortality is high in Ethiopia. An underlying cause of maternal and infant mortality is unintended pregnancy, which is inversely associated with contraceptive use. Hence, the use of contraception can necessarily be increased to reduce the mortality rate of mother and infant.
 
 OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the effect of educational attainment and place of residence on contraceptive use among Ethiopian women of childbearing ages.
 
 METHODS: Data are obtained from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and total 10 223 women aged 15–49 years are analyzed in this study. Both unadjusted and adjusted multivariate logistic regression models are employed to examine the effect of exposure variables on contraceptive use. 
 
 RESULTS: It can be seen that only around 36% of Ethiopian women used any of the contraceptive methods. In the case of contraceptive use, a significantly higher odds is observed for women with secondary or higher education with respect to those who were illiterate (e.g., OR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.19–1.93 after adjusting for total children ever born, number of living children, desire of more children, wealth index, respondent currently working, region and religion; and OR=2.53, 95% CI: 2.05–3.13 for unadjusted model). Urban women had also a significantly higher odds for contraceptive use than their rural counterparts (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.42–2.51 by adjusted model for the above confounders, and OR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.81–2.73 by unadjusted model). 
 
 CONCLUSION: The findings reveal that both educational improvement and urbanization may increase the use of contraception among women in Ethiopia.
Highlights
A disappointingly high maternal mortality exists worldwide (WHO, 2018)
This study aims to examine the effect of educational attainment and place of residence on contraceptive use among Ethiopian women of childbearing ages
In the case of contraceptive use, a significantly higher odds is observed for women with secondary or higher education with respect to those who were illiterate (e.g., odds ratios (ORs) = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.19–1.93 after adjusting for total children ever born, number of living children, desire of more children, wealth index, respondent currently working, region and religion; and OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 2.05–3.13 for unadjusted model)
Summary
A disappointingly high maternal mortality exists worldwide (WHO, 2018). Pregnancy and childbirth associated causes take around 830 lives of women daily globally. A prime cause of higher maternal and infant mortality as well as abortions is unintended pregnancy (Doherty et al, 2018). The rate of unintended pregnancy in Ethiopia was 38%, where induced abortion occurred in 13%, in 2014 (Moore et al, 2016). A high interruption of modern contraceptive use was observed among reproductive aged Ethiopian women (Belete, Zemene, Hagos, & Yekoye, 2018). Such of many unintended pregnancies, still birth, and neonatal and maternal deaths can be averted by using contraception regularly (Berhan & Berhan, 2014; Godefay, Byass, Graham, Kinsman, & Mulugeta, 2015). An underlying cause of maternal and infant mortality is unintended pregnancy, which is inversely associated with contraceptive use. The use of contraception can necessarily be increased to reduce the mortality rate of mother and infant
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