The Impact of Different Doses of Nickel Chloride on Some Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in the Liver of Rats

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has many applications nowadays. Due to its extreme whiteness and brightness,it is widely used as a white pigment in a variety of materials such as food additives, toothpastes,medicines, paints and coatings. However there is lack of knowledge about human health impacts, due totheir unique physical and chemical characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity ofTiO2 nanoparticles on the brain, lung and liver in albino rats and its possible mediation by free radicaldamage. Thirty six adult female albino rats were used in this study. They were classified into three equalgroups. Group I : negative control. Group II : positive control administered 1ml 5% gum acacia solutionby oral gavage dialy. Group III : each rat was given Tio2 nanoparticles by oral gavage in a dailydose 600 mg/kg body weight suspended in 1 ml 5% gum acacia solution. Six rats were sacrificed fromeach group after 60 and 90 days. The brain, lung and liver of all rats were removed and subjected to histopathologicalexamination by light microscope and immunohistochemical staining for TNF-α. Also reducedglutathione (GSH) level in the blood and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured forall rats. The results revealed that TiO2 induced significant pathological changes in the brain mainly filamentousneuron, pyknotic nuclei, congested blood vessels and edema. The lung showed significant pathologicalchanges as thickened alveolar septa, emphysematous changes, cellular infiltrations, local lymphoidhyperplasia, and granulometus formation. The liver revealed hydropic degeneration, inflammatorycells infiltration, fatty degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. All histopathological changes were significantlyincreased depending on the duration of exposure. In addition, there was a duration-dependentincrease in TNF-α. activation which is a marker for inflammation and apoptosis; in the brain, lung andliver of rats treated with Tio2. Blood GSH level was reduced and serum MDA level was increased in ratsof TiO2 group at different duration of the study compared to controls. It is concluded that TiO2 NPs inducedtoxic effects on the brain; lung and liver which increase with increasing the duration of exposure,these effects may be mediated through inflammatory responses and oxidative damage. It is recommendedthat the use of TiO2 especially as food additive and coloring agent must be judged and its environmentallevel should be continuously monitored.

Pseudoephedrine (PSE) or (Sudafed) is one of the sympathomimetic group of drugs (ephedrine, PSE and amphetamines) which effects cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. However, only little researches had supported its effect on solid abdominal organs. This study aims to investigate the effects of different doses of Sudafed in the liver and kidney of albino mice. The current study included 18 albino mice grouped into 2 groups: control (3 mice), and acute group (15 mice). The acute group was further subdivided into 5 subgroups, each subgroup of 3mice wasgiven a lonely intaperitonial injection of 0.3ml of the following conc. (500mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 125mg/kg, 62.52mg/kg, and 31.24mg/kg) for 24hrs. After the mentioned period, the mice of all subgroups were sacrificed and the livers and kidneys were removed, processed, sectioned and stained for histological analysis. Results of liver analysis using 500mg/Kg Sudafed intraperitoneallyshowed mild ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes and central vein congestion, while lower doses (250mg/Kg – 31.42mg/Kg) revealed less prominent effect or no significant pathological changes.Moreover, sections from the kidney with the 500mg/Kg Sudafed intraperitoneally showed mild hydropic swelling of tubular epithelium with congestion of intertubular blood vessels and relatively healthy glomeruli. Lower doses revealed no significant pathological changes. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated various pathological effects of PSE on kinetic activity, and histology of Livers and Kidneys of albino mice.

Background Women often experience significant burdens both at home and in their professional lives, which can lead to physical and mental strain. To manage these challenges, medications such as cyclobenzaprine-HCl, originally developed as a tricyclic antidepressant but reintroduced as a muscle relaxant, are sometimes used. Its effectiveness in treating muscle spasms, localized pain, and limited range of motion in acute musculoskeletal conditions has been well documented. Objective The objective of this study was to explore the potential consequences of cyclobenzaprine-HCl on reproductive health by assessing its influence on female Wistar rats. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 18 adult female Wistar rats, divided into three groups: a control group receiving distilled water and two treated groups with two doses − a low-dose group receiving 1.5 mg/kg of cyclobenzaprine-HCl and a high-dose group receiving 3 mg/kg, administered orally for 30 days. We assessed the impact of cyclobenzaprine-HCl on serum hormonal levels (progesterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone), oxidative stress markers (glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde), histopathological changes in ovaries and uteri, and DNA stability using the comet assay. Results and conclusion The study revealed that cyclobenzaprine-HCl caused hormonal imbalances distinguished by significant increase in estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, and significant decreases in progesterone and luteinizing hormone levels. Dissruptions in oxidative stress markers were characterized by elevated malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels. Histopathological abnormalities included degeneration, deformed follicles, congested blood vessels, and necrosis in the ovarian tissue. In addition, diffused eosinophil infiltration, pyknotic nuclei, glandular hyperplasia, necrosis, and hypercellularity in the uterine tissue. DNA instability was observed in both dosage groups as evidenced by fragmented DNA in the shape of comets. These findings underscore the potential reproductive toxicity of cyclobenzaprine-HCl in female rats, suggesting a need for caution in its use considering its possible adverse effects on reproductive health.

Background: Gold nanoparticles [GNPs] are significant scientific achievements which are effectively employed in medicine. However, in vivo biological impact of these particles should be assessed to investigate their safety on human health.Aim: Study of the biological effect of different gold nanoparticles doses on the liver of adult female rats exploring the novel mechanisms of gold nanoparticles induced liver damage.Materials and Methods: Forty adult female rats were separated into one control group [Group I] and two GNPs-treated groups [Group II; 40μg/kg and Group III; 400μg/kg]. Specimens of the liver were taken to be processed for the light and electron microscopy in addition to immunohistochemical staining technique for the p53 protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and B-cell lymphoma 2 [Bcl-2].Results: Administration of gold nanoparticles to adult female rats caused various histological deterioration in the liver depending on the dose. Hepatocytes showed vacuolated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Dilation and congestion of the central veins, blood sinusoids, hepatic artery and portal vein were seen. Disrupted endothelial layer was observed in some central veins. An apparent increase in kupffer cells and mononuclear cellular infiltration were observed. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated a significant increase in p53 and TNF-α and a decrease in Bcl-2 immunoreactions. Ultrastructurally, swollen or damaged mitochondria, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum [RER] and apparent glycogen depletion were observed in the hepatocytes.Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles induced various dose dependent histological deterioration, inflammation and apoptosis in the liver of adult female rats. So, it should be given cautiously to females to avoid liver damage.

AimGastrointestinal effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine in donkeys are still unidentified. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of different doses of dexmedetomidine on the motility of selected parts of the gastrointestinal tracts in donkeys using transabdominal ultrasonography.Materials and methodsAn experimental crossover study was conducted on 30 healthy donkeys of both sexes (15 males and 15 females; 160 ± 60 kg). With a two-week washout period, each donkey received an injection of either a normal saline solution or three different doses of dexmedetomidine (3, 5, and 7 μg/kg, respectively). All medications were administered intravenously in equal volumes. The contractility of selected intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, and cecum) was measured 3 min before administration (zero time) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration.ResultsSmall and large intestinal motility was within the normal ranges before IV injection of normal isotonic saline or dexmedetomidine at a dose of 3, 5, and 7 μg/kg.Two Way Repeated Measures ANOVA output of the data displayed a statistically significant the between time and treatments for the contractility of each of the duodenum (P = 0.0029), jejunum (P = 0.0033), left colon (P = 0.0073), right colon (P = 0.0035), and cecum (P = 0.0026), implying that the impact of treatment on the gastric motility varied among different time points. The simple main effect analysis revealed that the IV dexmedetomidine at 3, 5, and 7 μg/kg doses significantly inhibited (P ≤ 0.01) the bowel contractility compared to the administration of isotonic saline.ConclusionDose-dependent inhibitory effect of dexmedetomidine on intestinal motility was reported in donkeys following intravenous administration. This inhibitory effect on intestinal motility should be considered in clinical practice.

Background: Postmenopausal weight gain sounds an alarm for women's health and may lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Flaxseed is rich in antioxidants and may improve liver functions.However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear.Objective: This work was designed to evaluate the possible hepatoprotective role of flaxseed in ovariectomized obese female albino rat model.Materials and Methods: Adult female albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I (control), Group II (High fat diet group) and Group III (bilaterally ovariectomized group) which then subdivided equally into; GIIIa (ovariectomized only group), GIIIb (ovariectomized rats fed on a high fat diet) and GIIIc (ovariectomized rats fed on high-fat diet contained ground flaxseed) till the end of the experiment.After 12 weeks, body weight, serum lipid profiles and liver enzyme levels were estimated.liver specimens were processed for light and electron microscopic studies.Morphometric measurements and statistical analyses were done.Results: Ovariectomy and high-fat diet caused a significant increase in body weight, lipid profiles and destructive changes within the liver tissue in the form of vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, congested blood vessels and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration that was supported by a significant elevation in the liver enzymes coupled to a significant increase in the area percentage of collagen fibers and reduction in the Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction.The ultrastructural assessment confirmed these distortions.In contrast, flaxseed significantly corrected hyperlipidemia and hepatic biochemical parameters with critical improvement in the liver histopathological changes depicted previously. Conclusion:Flaxseed may have a hepatoprotective role against steatohepatitis and fibrosis in ovariectomized obese rat model.

Diagnostic value of post-mortem examination of the cardiac conduction system

Objective To analyze the influence factors of liver inflammation activity and fibrosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Methods A total of 971 patients with chronic hapatitis B virus (HBV) infection, who underwent liver biopsy and routine laboratory testing, such as biochemical tests, blood routine examination, HBV DNA and serum hepatitis markers, were recruited. Categorical data were analyzed by Chi-square test. Quantitative data among three groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance. Quantitative data between two groups were compared by Student-t test, Spearman correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results Nine hundred and seventy-one patients were divided into three groups including group A (more than three continuous normal alanine aminotransferase [ALT] within a year, n=332), group B (first elevated ALT, n=341) and group C (more than two or more elevated ALT within six months, n=298). The male patients in three groups were 47.9%, 74.2% and 73.8%, respectively, with statistical significance (χ2=64.778, P<0.01). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive patients in groups A, B and C were 161(48.5%), 234(69.0%) and 176(59.1%), respectively. The difference was statistically significant in three groups (χ2=28.325, P<0.01). The proportions of patients with G≥2 in three groups were 36.4%, 56.9% and 51.3%, respectively (χ2=29.868, P<0.01); and those of S≥2 were 25.3%, 35.5% and 35.9%, respectively (χ2=10.807, P=0.005). The proportions of patients with G≥2 and (or) S≥2 in three groups were 137(41.3%), 208(61.0%) and 164(55.0%), respectively. The differences were significant among three groups (χ2=22.235, P<0.01). Group A was divided into subgroup A1 (ALT<30 U/L) with 229 cases and subgroup A2 (ALT≥30 U/L) with 103 cases. Differences of proportions of male, patients with HBeAg positivity and G≥2 and (or) S≥2 were statistically significant between sub groups A1 and A2 (all P<0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis of group A showed that age older than 35 years, ALT≥30 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)≥25 U/L, HBeAg-positive and platelet counts were associated with significant pathological changes (all P<0.05). Age (OR=2.012, 95%CI: 1.196-3.383), HBeAg-positive (OR=2.188, 95%CI: 1.339-3.584) and AST (OR=2.312, 95%CI: 1.390-3.846) were independent predictors for significant liver pathological changes. Conclusions The proportion of significant liver pathological changes in the patients with first elevated ALT is similar with that in patients with repeatedly ALT elevated. Thus, early antiviral treatment is recommended in those patients with first elevated ALT. Age≥35 years, HBeAg-positive and AST≥25 U/L are independent predictors for significant liver pathological changes of chronic HBV infected patients with ALT persistently normal. Therefore, for patients who meet the above conditions, early antiviral treatment should be initiated. Key words: Alanine transaminase; Hepatitis B; Pathology

Aims: The histopathological effects of Profenofos, and Chlorpyrifos, as synthetic organophosphorus pesticides, on the liver, kidney, brain and spleen tissues in mice (Mus musculus) were determined by light microscopy. Recently the toxic effects of pesticides have been of public interest. The usage of pesticides is still the most effective and accepted means to protect plants from the pests and to increases productivity. The misuse of pesticides is connected with serious problems of pollution and health hazards. Profenofos and Chlorpyrifos is used widely in Egypt and they play a vital role in controlling Lepidopteron pests of cotton and vegetables [1]. Study Design: Mice were treated with Profenofos, and Chlorpyrifos sub-lethal concentrations (1/10, 1/40 and ADI LD50) orally to twice a week for 30, 60, and 90 consecutive days. Place and Duration of Study: Department of chemistry Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, between June 2012 and January 2013. Results: Histopathological examination revealed various abnormalities in liver tissues, such as congestion of blood vessels, vacuolar degeneration of hepatic cells, focal Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(5): 766-777, 2014 767 infiltration and mononuclear cells, Moreover, all central veins and other hepatic blood vessels were dilated, some hepatic cells showed necrosis, disorganization with the formation of a denoid structure and some areas showed hepatocytomegaly with the increase of the number of cells showing double nuclei. Pathological finding in kidney showed perivascular edema with congestion of renal blood vessels, infiltration of mononuclear cells and around some of glomerular tubules, edema of Bowman's capsule and some renal tubules showed coagulation necrosis. Pathological finding in spleen showed disorganization of lymphocytes in lymphoid follicles and in white pulp, depletion of lymphocyts with sub capsular edema, and other cases showed increasing the number of megaterocytes with hemorrhages and haemosiderosis. Pathological finding in Brain showed menengial hemorrhages and congestion of blood vessels, with neuronophagia and satelletosis and sub meningial encephalomalacia, with neuronal degeneration of purkinjie cells were noticed and lesions, there was lyses of some neurons with demylenation of nerve fibers and privascular and pricellular edema. This investigation proves the toxic effects of Profenofos, and Chlorpyrifos at organ level. Conclusion: The histopathological data showed that profenofos exhibited histopathological changes in liver, kidney, spleen and brain. Liver showed hepatic cell damage with degenerative changes. Kidney showed heamorrhages, edema, necrosis and glomeruli shrinkage. The spleen showed slight deplesion of the lymphocytes of the white pulp. The brain showed interstitial edema and severe necrosis. From these results we concluded that liver is the most sensitive organ and profenofos damage the structure of liver cells more severely than chlorpyrifos on albino mice.

This experimental study was performed to investigate whether there is a protective effect of different doses of Glucomannan using against aflatoxicosis in Japanese quail, and pathological changes and relative organ weights were compared. In the experiment, 60 one-day old male Japanese quails were used as divided into six different groups. Experimental groups were designated as Control(C), aflatoxin(A), glucomannan(GM), 2-fold dose of glucomannan(2GM), aflatoxin+glucomannan(A+GM) and aflatoxin+2-fold dose of glucomannan(A+2GM). While control group quails fed the standard ration as ad libitum, other groups were fed with the administrations additionally to standard diet respectively; 2mg/kg of aflatoxin to group A, 1g/kg of glucomannan to group GM, 2g/kg of glucomannan to group 2GM, 2mg/kg of aflatoxin and 1g/kg glucomannan to group A+GM, 2mg/kg of aflatoxin and 2g/kg glucomannan to group A+2GM. All quails were euthanized at day 21 of the study and organs, (liver, spleen, kidney, thymus and bursa of Fabricius) were removed, weighed and subjected to routine histopathological procedures. Although any important macroscopic changes were not observed in the C, GM and 2GM groups, significant pathological changes were found in the groups of A, A+GM and A+2GM. In the A+GM group, the partial reduction in the severity of microscopic lesions were seen in liver, bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen, however a significant reduction in severity of lesions was noticed in A+2GM group. As a result of the study, 2g/kg of glucomannan has been found pathologically to be more effective than 1g/kg glucomannan in terms of the protection against aflatoxicosis by giving orally.

There is an increase in concern about the effects of environmental dangers on health related to toxic pollutants resulting from industrial activities, which are released into the aqueous environments in the whole world. Industrial dyes represent one of the major groups of toxic compounds used in different industries, including textile and leather. Releasing dyes into the water could cause vicious effects on the aqueous environment. This experiment aims to evaluate the efficiency of chemical treatment by Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) of textile dye to investigate the histopathological effects in the liver, kidneys, and intestines of albino mice using histopathological diagnosis. Three groups of mice were exposed. The control group was given tap water, the second group was assigned untreated textile dye solution (acid red 315) at a concentration of (100)ppm, and the third group was given treated textile dye solution. Histopathological alterations were evaluated after 2 months from exposure. The results from treated dyes showed no histopathological changes. In contrast, untreated stains showed histopathological changes in all organs, represented by dilation of sinusoids and congestion of blood vessels and hydropic degeneration, necrosis and aggregation of inflammatory cells in the liver. In contrast, in the intestine, there is edema between mucosa and submucosa, degeneration and necrosis in the intestinal mucosa, atrophy in the muscular layer, and inflammatory cell aggregation in the submucosa and mucosa of the intestine. We conclude that the treatment of textile dye is sufficient and decreases its effect. Keywords: Histopathological alteration, Efficient evaluation, Textile dye acid red 315

Objective: To explore the effects of different dosages of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) on the fatty acid synthesis and estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression in the livers of F1 and F2 rats. Method: Pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, NP-5 (5 μg per kg per day), NP-25 (25 μg per kg per day) and NP-125 (125 μg per kg per day). 4-NP was gavaged from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Some female rats from the experimental groups were mated with male rats from the control group to obtain the F2 rats. F1 generation rats (23 weeks old) and F2 generation rats (13 weeks old) were killed to detect blood biochemistry and the expression of genes and proteins. Results: Compared with the control group, 4-NP (NP-5, NP-25 and NP-125) can increase the liver organ coefficient of the F1 male offspring (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the F1 female NP-5 group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01); other indicators had not changed, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). As the dosage of 4-NP increased, more significant changes of blood biochemistry were found, especially in the NP-125 rats (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The changes of histopathology by liver biopsy were consistent with biochemical indices of blood (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the degrees of increase were proportional to the dose of 4-NP, as measured by lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), fatty acid synthetase (Fas), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (Srebp-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (Ppar)-γ. The expression of genes and proteins of ERα were changed significantly, as well (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The above changes in the liver tissues of F2 generation rats were consistent with the F1 generation rats. Conclusion: Perinatal exposure to 4-NP can affect the synthesis of fatty acid in the livers of F1 and F2 generation rats. The low expression of ERα may be one of the mechanisms by which 4-NP affected fatty acid synthesis in the livers of rats.

Background:Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most leading complication of renal disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy holds an excellent promise in the repair of injured tissues and organs. However, the precise effects of MSCs on renal cellular injury remain unclear. Objective:This work was designed to evaluate the possible reno-therapeutic role of MSCs in experimental streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in adult female albino rat model.Materials & Methods: Adult female albino rats were divided into three groups: Group I (control), Group II (diabetic group) and Group III (diabetic/MSCs treated group) where 1X〖10〗^6 iron oxide-labeled MSCs was infused once in rat tail vein. Blood glucose levels and biochemical parameters of the kidney function such as serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and uric acid were estimated. After 8 weeks, kidney specimens were processed for light and electron microscopic studies. Morphometric measurements and statistical analyses were done.Results: STZ injection caused destructive glomerular, proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubular changes within the renal tissue in the form of sloughed epithelium, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, congested blood vessels and mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltration that was supported by a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Cr, BUN and uric acid levels coupled to a significant elevation of Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction and increase in area percentage of collagen fibers. The ultrastructural assessment confirmed these distortions. In contrast, MSCs significantly corrected hyperglycemia and renal biochemical parameters with critical improvement in renal histopathological changes depicted previously.Conclusion: MSC-based therapies may play a substantial therapeutic role in DN.

Introduction: “Jati Belanda”(Guazumaulmifolia Lamk) is a common tropical plant that its leaves extract has long been used traditionaly to treat some tropical diseases and also to reduce body weight as slimming herbs in some of tropical countries. However, the side effect of the administration of“Jati Belanda”leaves extract on themost sensitive excretory organ, the kidney is still notwell documented. Objectives: To study the effect of the oral administration of “Jati Belanda” (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk.) leaves extract on the histopathology of the kidney. Methods: The study was a pretest and posttest experimental design using four groups of three rat. The study was a pretest and posttest experimental design using four groups of three rat. The exctract of “Jati Belanda” leaves was prepared by boilling of a certain weight of dried “Jati Belanda” leaves in 200 ml of destilated water until the volume of the water became 100 ml. Rat in group I was a control group which were given destilated water, group II were given 0,53 g/100 ml extract, group III were given 1,06 g/100 ml extract and group IV were given 2,12 g/100 ml extract, and the histopathological changes of the rat kidney before, 1 day and 7 days after administration of the extract were compared. Results: Histopathological changes were found in rat kidney following single dose treatment while the control group was not. At one day after administration, mesangial cells proliferation was found in 33,3% of rat in group II and 33,3% of rat in group III, while congestion of blood vessels was found in 66,6% of rat in group III and all rats at the highest dose, group IV. Meanwhile, after 7 days, congestion of micro-vessels was found in all rats of group II, III and IV. Moreover, necrosis of cells was found in 33,3% of rat in group III and infiltration of inflammation cell was found in 66,6% of rat in group IV. Conclusion: A single dose treatment of “Jati Belanda” leaves extract caused histopathological changes on rat kidney. The changes include increased in mesangial cell proliferation, congestion of renal blood vessels in the glomerulus or tubulus, inflamatory cell infiltration and tissue necrosis. Keywords: herbal medicine, “Jati Belanda” Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk. Histopathology, kidney.

Microplastics induced histopathological lesions in some tissues of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) early juveniles