The Impact of Culture Diversity in Nursing Care among Students

[ ]it is timely to reflect on how we view and conceptualize the way we engage and work with international students Conceptualize Student Connection Through Formal and Informal Curriculum Dis/connection has been argued to play "an important role in shaping international students' wellbeing, performance and life trajectories" (Tran & Gomes, 2017, p 1) [ ]it is important to frame international student connectedness not only within the context of formal teaching and learning on campus, but also in a broader setting, taking into account the dynamic, diverse, and fluid features of transnational mobility [ ]effective teaching of and engagement with international students is based on understanding not only their academic needs but also other aspects that are interlinked with their academic performance, including pastoral care needs, mental health, employment, accommodation, finance, life plans, and aspirations [ ]a sense of belonging to the content of teaching and learning and the pedagogy used by teachers is essential to international students' engagement with the classroom community

AimThe aim of the study was to examine the experiences and perceptions of Indian RNs who supervise Norwegian undergraduate nursing students during their clinical practice in India. BackgroundThe globalization process has generated a need for registered nurses (RNs) to develop cultural competence. As a result, nursing education and policy need to respond to the challenging nature of global health and prepare RNs to work with diverse cultures by enhancing their cultural competence to help them encounter patients from different cultural backgrounds. Yet, the research investigating the experience of supervisors in non-western countries receiving students from western countries is sparse DesignAn exploratory descriptive design. MethodsEight individual semi-structured interviews were undertaken by Indian Registered nurses, supervising Norwegian nursing students. Three of the interviews were conducted in their workplace in India, while the rest were carried out using Zoom conference due to the COVID19 pandemic. The interviews were conducted between January – December 2020. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the data. ResultsThematic analysis elicited four main themes: 1) Preparation to receive international students, 2) The role of supervising international students, 3) Learning from the students, 4) Challenges of supervising international students ConclusionsParticipants provided valuable insights into the role of supervising international nursing students in India. This insight is considered important since many students from Western countries go to non-Western countries for international exchanges. The study highlights the fact that the method of supervision is connected to the culture and is different in Western and non-Western countries. Even though they acknowledged several challenges with having international students, supervisors emphasized that having international students was a positive experience and that they learned from them.

The learning experiences of international students in nursing and midwifery programs: A literature review

International students in the secondary school sector are a particularly vulnerable group due to their age and status as unaccompanied minors. The establishment of friendships is an important component of the adjustment for these students as they transition into their new school environments. This paper presents issues related to friendships, investigated as part of a larger study examining the motivations, expectations and experiences of international students from the People’s Republic of China studying in Australian secondary schools. Data were collected in two phases from 116 international students and 10 teachers using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, and descriptive analyses employed. Because there is a paucity of information about the experiences of international secondary school students, this was an exploratory study that has contributed understanding of the lived experiences of a small group of international students from mainland China. The study identified that expectations regarding the establishment of friendships are not being met, and that international students from China are seeking more opportunities to form relationships with Australian peers. To reduce dissonance between expectations and experiences of studying in Australia, it is recommended that Australian schools work with both international and domestic students to provide authentic opportunities to build peer relationships.

Attainment inequalities exist for ethnic minority students graduating from higher education institutes (HEIs) in the UK. Previous research has investigated the outcomes and experiences of students from ethnic minority backgrounds on health and social care programmes. However, studies exploring ethnic minority speech and language therapy (SLT) students' experiences have only focused on international students and were conducted in Australia. No known studies exploring the experiences of both home-domiciled and international SLT students from ethnic minority backgrounds have been conducted in the UK. To explore the experiences of home-domiciled and international ethnic minority students on a SLT training programme and to identify ways to improve these experiences. All SLT students attending a pre-registration postgraduate course who identified as being from an ethnic minority background were invited to participate. Two focus groups, one for three international students and one for six home students, were conducted. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were identified that illustrated students' current experiences and how experiences could be improved: (1) feeling an outsider, explores students' sense of belonging in SLT education; (2) finding ways to manage, describes the strategies used by students to cope with their experiences of marginalization, and how adopting these strategies impact on their well-being; and (3) promoting inclusion, explains how the training programme could be modified to improve the experience of ethnic minority students. A better understanding of the experiences of ethnic minority SLT students can help others to support them more effectively. The findings suggest that making changes to SLT training programmes could improve ethnic minority students' outcomes and experiences. These include: more training for staff and students, support groups for ethnic minority students, sharing lived experiences of students and experienced SLTs from ethnic minority backgrounds, and clearer ways of reporting racist incidents. International students would benefit from receiving more information on HEI support services and cultural practices in the UK. What is already known on this subject Previous studies have investigated the experiences of ethnic minority students on a range of HEI programmes, including those for students of physiotherapy and occupational therapy. The only studies investigating the experiences of ethnic minority SLT students are those exploring how international SLT students in Australia can be supported on professional placement. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This study explores the experiences of home and international SLT students in the UK who identify as being from minority ethnic backgrounds. Findings suggest that these students feel like outsiders, affecting their sense of belonging. The need to find and implement strategies to manage their feelings of marginalization impacts on their well-being. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The findings suggest measures to promote the inclusion of ethnic minority SLT students to improve their experiences and support their well-being. These include more training for all staff and students and the creation of a 'lived experiences library' where students and experienced SLTs from ethnic minority backgrounds could share positive experiences as well as ways of dealing with challenges. Clearer ways of reporting racist incidents would be beneficial for all students. International students would benefit from receiving more information on HEI support services and cultural practices in the UK. It is important that ethnic minority SLT students are involved in developments that aim to improve their experiences.

This study examined the role of perceived discrimination, social connectedness, age, gender, years of study in the US, English language competency, and social contact patterns on adjustment difficulties among a sample of 229 Turkish international students studying in the United States. Findings indicated that students who reported higher levels of social connectedness, lower levels of perceived discrimination, more years of study in the US, and higher levels of English language competency reported lower levels of adjustment difficulties. Other results showed that (lack of) social connectedness and perceived discrimination were predictors of adjustment difficulties. In addition, results indicated that students who socialized with individuals from the US had lower levels of adjustment difficulties than did those who socialized with coculture members. Implications are discussed and suggestions for interventions are provided.

Commentary: COVID‐19 Pandemic and Higher Education: International Mobility and Students’ Social Protection

This qualitative case study examines the concept of ‘internationalisation at a distance (IaD)’ by investigating the learning and academic socialising experiences of international students in online higher education (HE). Amid the evolving landscape of global HE, the COVID‐19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of distance education, creating a unique context for internationalising HE at a distance. The number of international students joining foreign universities from their home countries through the medium of online learning has continued to grow. To better understand IaD from the vantage point of international students, not of universities or domestic students, the present authors listen to online international students, shedding light on the complex nature of being international students in such social and cultural contexts. Qualitative data were collected through in‐depth interviews with 19 international students of Chinese ethnicity residing in China while studying and pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate degrees offered by universities in English‐speaking countries. Our findings reveal that despite the institutional rhetoric which promotes diversity and inclusivity, especially during student recruitment and induction, online international students experience that their unique cultural perspectives and pedagogical knowledge are usually not accepted, accommodated and welcomed by their programmes, tutors and peers. Nevertheless, like their domestic counterparts, international students are proactive in navigating and shaping their online learning environments and relationships to effectively serve their own learning needs and interests. The outcomes challenge stereotypical narratives of international students prevailing in HE literature and create much more realistic discourses of the democratising potential of international online HE beyond the diversity rhetoric. The findings have been analysed using the theoretical framework of epistemic injustice, hoping to contribute to the IaD research and practices by challenging and reshaping the often uncritical and colonial perspectives on international online students. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Internationalisation in higher education is typically categorised into internationalisation abroad (IA), internationalisation at home (IaH) and internationalisation at a distance (IaD). These concepts have been widely used and interpreted from the perspective of universities as the main actors in internationalisation efforts. IaD is defined as internationalisation that occurs within a technology‐mediated environment where students, teachers and institutions are located in different locations. It transcends the geographical distinction between IA and IaH and emphasises the virtual mobility of knowledge. IaD raises a series of discussions about the identification of international students, especially due to the ambiguous line between ‘international’ and ‘home’ categorisations. What this paper adds This paper reconceptualises IaD from international students' perspective, using ‘home’, ‘hosts’ and ‘guests’ as metaphors to investigate the students' lived experiences of IaD. This paper reveals the unequal power relationships and epistemic injustices embedded in and constructing international students' IaD experiences. This paper demonstrates the diversity within the international student population, showing them as active agents to employ different strategies to navigate epistemic injustices and challenges in the IaD contexts. Implications for practice and/or policy Institutions should re‐examine their internationalisation strategies (abroad, at home or a distance) to achieve diversity and inclusivity principles beyond superficial and numeric measures, avoiding viewing international students merely as tools or resources for internationalisation. There is a pressing need to rethink the concept of IaD from the student's perspective and better conceptualise the notion of international students in IaD research and practice. Diversity among international students should be taken more seriously in educational practices, and stereotypes and prejudice against specific groups of international students should be addressed further.

For the past three years over 400,000 international students have enrolled annually to study in higher education contexts in Australia (Australian Government, 2019). The extensiveness of international student enrolments has been equalled to Australia’s third highest export industry after coal and iron ore (Grewal & Blakkarly, 2017). Given the significance of international students it is important that Australian universities find effective and culturally-appropriate ways to support this cohort. One such area needing support is work experience as many study programs that international students undertake include compulsory or elective courses involving assessed experiences in professional contexts. Degrees such as business, education, engineering, health including nursing and psychology all require students to successfully complete workplace experiences in order to graduate. It is critical that international students are supported before, during and after workplace components of study as the International Student Barometer indicated that international students desire quality career advice, work experience and subsequently employment as a result of their studies (Garrett, 2014).

Australia is currently one of the leading destination countries for International Students (IS), ranking third in popularity as a study destination. There is sparse research into the experience of IS including the factors influencing their experience within the Australian higher education system. This integrative review aims to synthesize knowledge on the IS’ experience in Australian higher education, including the factors influencing their experience. The review included 15 qualitative studies, three quantitative studies, three mixed methods studies and two literature reviews. IS perceived their study experience in Australia as challenging. They reported English unproficiency, poor academic performance, lack of academic support, low-quality courses, and work-study imbalance as factors that lead to insufficient learning engagement. IS reported difficulties in adjusting to the culture due to language barrier, negative emotions, and stronger acculturation orientation toward their heritage culture. IS reported the difficulties in establishing rapport with both domestic students, university teachers, and obstacles in building meaningful relationships within the local community as factors hindering the development of rapport with these entities. Despite encountering the challenges, IS have recognised the imperative of seeking avenues to foster connections with their fellow peers, their teachers, and the broader Australian community. They noted that their proactive efforts to connect with others, participation in work integrated learning, engagement in extracurricular activities, and prolonged residency in Australia were influential factors that facilitated opportunities for connectedness. These findings emphasise the significance of fostering networks between international students, domestic peers, university educators, and the Australian community. Such networks facilitate cultural understanding, elevate academic achievements, and contribute to the holistic well-being of students. The findings offer valuable assistance in equipping stakeholders and higher educational institutions with essential insights to effectively support IS and address their needs comprehensively. These insights are significant for global education providers aiming to support IS and cultivate a positive study environment. Further research should explore the experiences of international nursing, medical, and healthcare students, considering their involvement with patients and the healthcare team in the Australian system, potentially influencing their experience.

The research aimed to analyze the intercultural communication competence based on international students’ experience in Indonesia and discussed how, in the globalization era, education had reached a new stage where the process of knowledge exchange had crossed national borders. However, educational institutions were not fully prepared to accommodate these modern needs. Although the study of intercultural communication was not new, concern for new cultural diversity had only received great attention lately, wherein the end, the Intercultural Communication Competence (ICC) in educational fields was still very low and must continue to be explored. The research applied a case and phenomenological study method with a descriptive qualitative approach. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and study literature. By analyzing the interactive multicultural building model, supported by the concept of intercultural communication and internationalization of higher education, the research results show that there are still inequalities and differences of opinion as well as an assessment of a three-perspective model that is used as the research focus. It consists of the affective process (intercultural sensitivity), cognitive process (intercultural awareness), and behavioral process (intercultural adroitness). Besides, there are various challenges that must be faced.

Given the rapid growth of Qatar's economy over recent decades, workforce demand for highly-skilled Qatari nationals has increased (Berrebi, Martorell, & Tanner, 2009; Qatar General Secretariat for Development Planning, 2008). There is therefore a great deal of interest in supporting Qatari student success at high-quality post-secondary educational institutions, both in Qatar and abroad. An increasing number of Qatari post-secondary students, particularly males, are specifically choosing to attend college in the United States, with 1,191 Qatari college students studying abroad in the US (Institute of International Education, 2014). Because these Qatari students are earning degrees abroad for the purpose of fulfilling critical jobs when they return, it is important to understand factors contributing to the academic persistence and performance of Qatari students in the US. This qualitative study is part of a collaborative research effort undertaken by investigators based in the United States and Qatar to bet...

Introduction

International students, especially those studying in English language institutes at universities in the United States, often struggle to create connections with local students and the host community. Learners of non-English languages also struggle to find opportunities to practice languages that are uncommon in the surrounding community. This Practice Report describes an innovation where, instead of using English Conversation Tables to help international students practice English, professors “turned the tables” and allowed international students to become the experts, teaching local students their languages and cultures at weekly Non-English Conversation Tables held at a mid-sized rural public university. Through the Conversation Tables, both international and domestic students developed meaningful connections, deepening their on-campus engagement. These connections fostered self-growth and intercultural competence in both groups of students, some of whom had very limited prior experiences with cultural diversity. The authors identify the characteristics of the language tables that led to their success, including the location, facilitation, and promotion, to provide a model for reproducing the intervention in other contexts.

Despite the growing trend on college campuses to increase their international student body, this population is largely left out of research due to the complexity they bring to the research process compared to their domestic counterparts. This is particularly true for the existing research on campus sexual violence; thus, there is no research-based indication that international students, let alone international graduate students, would face victimization risks on campus in the same way the extant literature identifies for domestic undergraduates. The existing research on international students indicates that their experiences are different than their domestic counterparts, and the sparse literature on graduate students indicates their experiences are different from their undergraduate counterparts. A specific focus on the intersection of these two identities, international graduate students, is almost completely absent from the literature. This research review highlights key research that provides foundational knowledge for the experience of international students and international graduate students with regard to their vulnerability to sexual violence. The author organizes the extant literature into three major areas that inform the overarching research topic: (1) international student experiences, (2) victimization, and (3) campus culture. Basic findings indicate that there are limitations in extrapolating previous research findings on campus sexual violence to this population, calling for a need to focus specifically and intentionally on this population of students. The objective of this article is to review the current state of knowledge about the risk and vulnerability of international students to sexual violence and victimization and to address the directions for future research.