The Illusion of Justice: Mercy and the Foundation of Criminal Law in India; Trials of Sovereignty: Mercy, Violence, and the Making of Criminal Law in British India 1857–1922 by Alastair McClure, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2024; pp 386, £105 (hardcover).

Does Counterinsurgency Theory Apply in Northeast India?

About the Contributors

This article discusses the implications of sexual autonomy of children under international child rights regime upon Indian law. Indian general criminal law defining the offence of rape and a special statute defining different types of child sexual assault led to the inference that the current age of consent is 18 years. Despite statutory prohibition of child marriages in India, the general criminal law contains an explanatory provision exempting the rape of a married woman above the age of 15. The Supreme Court of India struck this down as discriminatory and inconsistent with existing provisions of law, increasing the age of consent of a married woman to 18. It is necessary for Indian law to clearly define the age of consent of children, and grant rights of sexual autonomy to children who are capable of making their own decisions, without compromising on penalising sexual offenders of children.

Karl R. Popper. The demarcation between science and metaphysics. A reprint of XXXVI 533. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 183–226. - John G. Kemeny. Carnap's theory of probability and induction. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 711–738. - Arthur W. Burks. On the significance of Carnap's system of inductive logic for the philosophy of induction. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 739–759. - Hilary Putnam. “Degree of confirmation” and inductive logic. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 761–783. - Ernest Nagel. Carnap's theory of induction. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 785–825. - Rudolf Carnap. K. R. Popper on the demarcation between science and metaphysics. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 877–881. - Rudolf Carnap. Probability and induction. The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp, The library of living philosophers, vol. 11, Open Court, La Salle, Ill., and Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, pp. 966–998. - Volume 37 Issue 3

Language learning

06–536 Abd-el-Jawad, Hassan R. (Sultan Qaboos U, Oman), Why do minority languages persist? The case of Circassian in Jordan . International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 9.1 (2006), 51–74. 06–537 Athanasopoulos, Panos (U Essex, UK; pathan@essex.ac.uk ), Effects of the grammatical representation of number on cognition in bilinguals . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.1 (2006), 89–96. 06–538 Bialystok, Ellen (York U, Canada; ellenb@yorku.ca ), Catherine Mcbride-Chang &amp; Gigi Luk, Bilingualism, language proficiency and learning to read in two writing systems . Journal of Educational Psychology (American Psychological Association) 97.4 (2005), 580–590. 06–539 Broersma, Mirjam (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands; mirjam.broersma@mpi.nl ) &amp; Kees de Bot, Triggered codeswitching: A corpus-based evaluation of the original triggering hypothesis and a new alternative . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.1 (2006), 1–13. 06–540 Cahnmann, Melisa (U Georgia, Athens, USA; cahnmann@uga.edu ) &amp; Manka M. Varghese, Critical advocacy and bilingual education in the United States . Linguistics and Education (Elsevier) 16.1 (2005), 59–73. 06–541 Creese, Angela (U Birmingham, UK), Arvind Bhatt, Nirmala Bhojani &amp; Peter Martin, Multicultural, heritage and learner identities in complementary schools . Language and Education (Multilingual Matters) 20.1 (2006), 23–43 06–542 Deuchar, Margaret (U Wales, Bangor, UK; m.deuchar@bangor.ac.uk ), Congruence and Welsh–English code-switching . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 8.3 (2005), 255–269. 06–543 Dong, Yanping (Guangdong U of Foreign Studies, China; ypdong@mail.gdufs.edu.cn ), Shichun Gui &amp; Brian Macwhinney, Shared and separate meanings in the bilingual mental lexicon . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 8.3 (2005), 221–238. 06–544 du Plessis, Theo (U Free State, South Africa; dplesslt.hum@mail.uovs.ac.za ), From monolingual to bilingual higher education: The repositioning of historically Afrikaans-medium universities in South Africa . Language Policy (Springer) 5.1 (2006), 87–113. 06–545 Étienne, Corinne (U Massachusetts, USA; corinne.etienne@umb.edu ), The lexical particularities of French in the Haitian press: Readers' perceptions and appropriation . Journal of French Language Studies (Cambridge University Press) 15.3 (2005), 257–277. 06–546 Fargha, Mohammed &amp; Madeline Haggan (Kuwait U, Kuwait), Compliment behaviour in bilingual Kuwaiti college students . International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (Multilingual Matters) 9.1 (2006), 94–118. 06–547 Francis, Norbert (Northern Arizona U, USA; norbert.francis@nau.edu ), Bilingual children's writing: Self-correction and revision of written narratives in Spanish and Nahuatl . Linguistics and Education (Elsevier) 16.1 (2005), 74–92. 06–548 Hayes, Renée (U Sunderland, UK; rhayes@mundo-r.com ), Conversation, negotiation, and the word as deed: Linguistic interaction in a dual language program . Linguistics and Education (Elsevier) 16.1 (2005), 93–112. 06–549 Martin, Peter (U East London, UK), Arvind Bhatt, Nirmala Bhojani &amp; Angela Creese, Managing bilingual interaction in a Gujarati complementary school in Leicester . Language and Education (Multilingual Matters) 20.1 (2006), 5–22. 06–550 McGroarty, Mary (Northern Arizona U, USA; mary.mcgroarty@nau.edu ), Neoliberal collusion or strategic simultaneity? On multiple rationales for language-in-education policies . Language Policy (Springer) 5.1 (2006), 3–13. 06–551 Mooko, Theophilus (U Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana), Counteracting the threat of language death: The case of minority languages in Botswana . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.2 (2006), 109–125. 06–552 Nicoladis, Elena (U Alberta, Canada; elenan@ualberta.ca ), Cross-linguistic transfer in adjective–noun strings by preschool bilingual children . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.1 (2006), 15–32. 06–553 Nikula, Tarja (U Jyväskylä, Finland; tnikula@cc.jyu.fi ), English as an object and tool of study in classrooms: Interactional effects and pragmatic implications . Linguistics and Education (Elsevier) 16.1 (2005), 27–58. 06–554 Padilla, Francisca, Maria Teresa Bajo &amp; Pedro Macizo (U Granada, Spain; mbajo@ugr.es ), Articulatory suppression in language interpretation: Working memory capacity, dual tasking and word knowledge . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 8.3 (2005), 207–219. 06–555 Palozzi, Vincent J. (Indiana U, USA; vpalozzi@indiana.edu ), Assessing voter attitude toward language policy issues in the United States . Language Policy (Springer) 5.1 (2006), 15–39. 06–556 Petrovic, John E. (U Alabama, USA; Petrovic@bamaed.ua.edu ), The conservative restoration and neoliberal defenses of bilingual education . Language Policy (Springer) 4.4 (2005), 395–416. 06–557 Robertson, Leena Helavaara (Middlesex U, UK), Learning to read ‘properly’ by moving between parallel literacy classes . Language and Education (Multilingual Matters) 20.1 (2006), 44–61. 06–558 Reyes, Iliana (U Arizona, USA; ireyes@email.arizona.edu ) &amp; Arturo E. Hernández, Sentence interpretation strategies in emergent bilingual children and adults . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.1 (2006), 51–69. 06–559 Rolla San Francisco, Andrea, María Carlo, Diane August &amp; Catherine E. Snow (Harvard U Graduate School, USA; snowcat@gse.harvard.edu ), The role of language of instruction and vocabulary in the English phonological awareness of Spanish–English bilingual children . Applied Psycholinguistics (Cambridge University Press) 27.2 (2006), 229–246. 06–560 Sandel, Todd L. (U Oklahoma, Norman, USA), Wen-Yu Chao &amp; Chung-Hui Liang, Language shift and language accommodation across family generations in Taiwan . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 27.2 (2006), 126–147. 06–561 Sundara, Megha, Linda Polka &amp; Shari Baum (McGill U, USA; msundara@u.washington.edu ), Production of coronal stops by simultaneous bilingual adults . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press) 9.1 (2006), 97–114. 06–562 Tan, Charlene (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore), Change and continuity: Chinese language policy in Singapore . Language Policy (Springer) 5.1 (2006), 41–62. 06–563</jats:bo

The history of science came early to Oxford. Its first champion was Robert T. Gunther, the son of a keeper of zoology at the British Museum and a graduate of Magdalen College who took a first there in the School of Natural Science in 1892, specializing in zoology ([figure 1][1]). As tutor in natural

Lawyers and the Courts. By Brian Abel‐Smith and Robert Stevens.Social Dimensions of Law and Justice. By Julius Stone, ll.m., s.j.d., b.a., d.c.l.; Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law in the University of Sydney.The Legal Effects of War. Fourth Edition. By Lord McNair and A. D. Watts.Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. By Luke T. Lee.International Law of the Sea. Sixth Edition. By C. John Colombos.Das Recht der Internationalen Organisationen. By Ignaz Seidl‐Hohenveldern.Deutsches Familienrecht. By the late Dr. Heinrich Lehmann. Fourth edition by Dr. Dieter Henrich, Professor of the University of Marburg.Film Censors and the Law. By Neville March Hunnings.Movies, Censorship and the Law. By Ira H. Carmen.The Californian Oath Controversy. By David P. Gardner.An Introduction to the Law of Torts. By John C. Fleming.The Role of English Law in India. By M. C. Setalvad.Democracy in India and the Judicial Process. By M. Hidayatullah.Secularism: Its Implications for Law and Life in India. Edited by G. S. Sharma.Law of Crimes in India. Volume I: Principles of Criminal Law. By R. C. Nigam.The Quantum of Damages. Volume 1: Personal Injury Claims. Third Edition. By D. McL. Kemp and M. S. Kemp.

Bilingual education &amp; bilingualism

Language learning

A Division Bench of the Delhi High Court dismissed the appeal filed by a group of publishers—Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press and Taylor & Francis Group—against Delhi University and Rameshwari Photocopy Service on grounds that preparation of course packs by the defendants for the purpose of imparting instruction is covered by the education exception under Indian copyright law.

Book Reviews

Kesper-Biermann, Sylvia, Staat und Schule in Kurhessen 1813-1866 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001). Lehning, James, To Be a Citizen. The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic (Cornell University Press, 2001). Reddy, William, The Navigation of Feeling (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Romani, Roberto, National Character and Public Spirit in Britain and France, 1750-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Rose, James, Duquesne and the Rise of Steel Unionism (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Rosenfeld, Sophia, A Revolution in Language. The Problem of Signs in Late Eighteenth-Century France (Stanford University Press, 2001). Ruble, Blair, Second Metropolis. Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Ruff, Julius, Violence in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Rumbaut, Ruben and Portes, Alejandro (eds), Ethnicities. Children of Immigrants in America (University of California Press, 2001). Sautman, Francesca Canada and Sheingorn, Pamela (eds), Same Sex Love and Desire among Women in the Middle Ages (Palgrave, 2001). Scranton, Philip (ed.), The Second Wave. Southern Industrialization from the 19405 to the 19705 (University of Georgia Press, 2001). Lilley, Keith, Urban Life in the Middle Ages 1000-1430 (Palgrave, 2001). McCarthy, Justin, The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire (Arnold, 2001). Mendie, Michael (ed.), The Putney Debates of 1647. The Army, the Levellers, and the English State (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Michels, George, At War with the Church. Religious Dissent in Seventeenth-century Russia (Stanford University Press, 2001). Mills, Dennis, Rural Community History from Trade Directories (Local Population Studies, 2001). Packer, Ian, Lloyd George, Liberalism and the Land. The Land Issue and Party Politics in England, 1906-1914 (Royal Historical Society, 2001). Parrott, David, Richelieu's Army. War, Government and Society in France, 1624-1642 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Popkin, Jeremy, Press, Revolution and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835 (Penn State University Press, 2001). Rasmussen, Birgit Brander, Klinenberg, Eric, Nexica, Irene and Wray, Matt (eds), The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness (Duke University Press, 2001). Schechter, Patricia, Ida B. Wells-Bamett and American Reform, 1880-1930 (University of North Carolina Press, 2001). Schulten, Susan, The Geographical Imagination in America, 1880-1930 (University of Chicago Press, 2001). Scott, Tom, Society and Economy in Germany, 1300-1600 (Palgrave, 2001). Shackel,Paul (ed.), Myth, Memory, and the Making of the American Landscape (University Press of Florida, 2001). Smith, John (ed.), When Did Southern Segregation Begin? (Palgrave, 2002). Sokoll, Thomas (ed.), Essex Pauper Letters 1731-1831 (Oxford University Press, 2001). Spraggs, Gillian, Outlaws and Highway men.The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Pimlico, 2001). Steffen, Lisa, Defining a British State. Treason and National Identity, 1608-1820 (Palgrave, 2001). Stengers, Jean and van Neck, Anne, Masturbation. The History of a Great Terror (St Martin's Press, 2001). Sweeney, Regina, Singing Our Way to Victory. French Cultural Politics and Music during the Great War (Wesleyan University Press, 2001). Veenendaal, Augustus, Railways in the Netherlands. A Brief History, 1834-1994 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Vickeiy, Amanda (ed.), Women, Privilege and Power. British Politics, 1750 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 2001). Vigarello, Georges, A History of Rape. Sexual Violence in France from the 16th to the 20th Century (Polity Press, 2001). Vinson, Ben, Bearing Arms for His Majesty. The Free-Colored Militia in Colonial Mexico (Stanford University Press, 2001). Waldinger, Roger (ed.), Strangers at the Gates. New Immigrants in Urban America (University of California Press, 2001). Worobec, Christine, Possessed. Women, Witches and Demons in Imperial Russia (Northern Illinois University Press, 2001). Xu, Xiaoqun, Chinese Professionals and the Republican State. The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai 1912-1937 (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Aron, Cindy, Working at Play. A History of Vacations in the United States (Oxford University Press, 2001). Baron, Samuel, Bloody Saturday in the Soviet Union. Novocherkassk, 1962 (Stanford University Press, 2001). Bielenberg, Andy (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (Longman, 2000). Blok, Anton, Honour and Violence (Polity Press, 2001). Braddick, Michael, State Formation in Early Modem England, c. 1550-1700 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Brading,D. A.,Mexican Phoenix. Our Lady of Guadalupe:Image andTradition across Five Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Carney, Judith, Black Rice. The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Harvard University Press, 2001). Carter, Ian, Railways and Culture in Britain. The Epitome of Modernity (Manchester University Press, 2001). Cayton, Andrew and Gray, Susan (eds), The American Midwest. Essays on Regional History (Indiana University Press, 2001). Charle, Christophe, La Crise des sociétés impériales. Allemagne, France, Grande-Bretagne. Essai d'histoire sociale comparée (Seuil, 2001). Chojnacka, Monica, Working Women in Early Modem Venice (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). Cohen, Deborah, The War Come Home. Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914-1939 (University of California Press, 2001). Cook, James, The Arts of Deception. Playing with Fraud in the Age of Burman (Harvard University Press, 2001). Cowling, Maurice, Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England, vol. 3 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Crubaugh, Anthony, Balancing the Scales of Justice. Local Courts and Rural Society in Southwest France, 1730-1800 (Penn State University Press, 2001). Dalley, Bronwyn and Phillips, Jock (eds), Going Public.The Changing Face of New Zealand History (Auckland University Press, 2001). Delaney, Enda, Demography, State and Society. Irish Migration to Britain, 1921-1971 (Liverpool University Press, 2000). Doyle, William (ed.), Old Regime France (Oxford University Press, 2001). Elazar, Dahlia, The Making of Fascism. Class, State, and Counter-Revolution, Italy 1919-1922 (Greenwood Publishing, 2001). Epstein, Steven, Speaking of Slavery. Color, Ethnicity and Human Bondage in Italy (Cornell University Press, 2001). Feldman, Gerald, Allianz and the German Insurance Business, 1933-1943 (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Foot, John, Milan Since the Miracle. City, Culture and Identity (Berg, 2001). Fragnito, Gigliola (ed.), Church, Censorship and Culture in Early Modem Italy (Cambridge University Press, 2001). Jones, Emrys (ed.), The Welsh in London, 1300-2000 (University of Wales Press, 2001). Karpat, Kemal, The Politicization of Islam. Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State (Oxford University Press, 2001). Gayot, Gérard and Minard, Philippe (eds), Les ouvriers qualifiés de l'industrie (XVF-XX si碬e) (Revue du Nord, 2001). Gildart, Keith, North Wales Miners. A Fragile Unity, 1943-1996 (University of Wales Press, 2001). Gonick, Cy, A Very Red Life. The Story of Bill Walsh (Canadian Committee on Labor History, 2001). Halliday, Stephen, Underground to Everywhere. London's Underground Railway in the Life of the Capital (Sutton, 2001). Hatcher, John and Bailey, Mark, Modelling the Middle Ages. The History and Theory of England's Economic Development (Oxford University Press, 2001). Hewitt, Nancy, Southern Discomfort. Women's Activism in Tampa, Florida, 18805-19205 (University of Illinois Press, 2001). Heywood, Colin, A History of Childhood (Polity, 2001). Johansen, Shawn, Family Men. Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America (Routledge, 2001). Johnson, Patricia, Hidden Hands. Working-Class Women and Victorian Social-Problem Fiction (University of Ohio Press, 2001).

Language learning

Book reviews