Abstract
The fishery industries have continuously increased over the last decade. This growth comes accompanied by a high volume of by-products released to environment, because these industries discard between 60 and 70% of their production as waste. This waste includes fish whole or part from these such as fillet remains (15–20%), skin and fins (1–3%), bones (9–15%), heads (9–12%), viscera (12–18%) and scales (5%). This by-products are rich in proteins and lipids which of several nature, which can be recovered to obtain compounds of high added value. In this chapter, some methods to recover compounds from fish by-products will be discussed. Among others, will be discussed topics about postharvest of fish, by-product releasing, enzymatic hydrolysis of by-product and bioactive peptide obtaining from fish waste.
Highlights
Production levels of fishery and aquaculture have been increasing for the last 30 years, as fish is an important protein source for human consumption and it is expected to reach a production of 196 mt by 2025 [1]
By 2018, aquaculture production in the world was estimated to reach over 178 million tons [2], whereas marine capture fisheries have been around half the global production [3]
The hydrolysis reaction progress is established by the Hydrolysis Degree (HD), expressed as a fraction or percentage of the number of broken peptide bonds at any given time (h) for the total peptide bonds in the intact protein (Eq 5) [54]
Summary
Production levels of fishery and aquaculture have been increasing for the last 30 years, as fish is an important protein source for human consumption and it is expected to reach a production of 196 mt by 2025 [1]. The absence of oxygen in water results in the release of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, organic acids, methane, and ammonium [7] In the first hydrolysis tests evaluated, chemical processes and extraction with organic solvents were used, showing that they affected the nutritional quality of proteins and amino acids. For this reason, commercial enzymes have been increasingly applied to intend to obtain hydrolyzed protein of this substrate type [10]. The basic concepts of fish processing, the characteristics of the waste generated, their use by enzymatic hydrolysis, and bioactive and functional peptide production will be addressed
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