The History of Pharmaceutical Law. Report II. The Evolution of Legal Space of Pharmaceutical Sphere in XX Century

Другий етап розвитку сучасного олімпійського руху відповідно до авторської комплексно-фактологічної періодизації

The second stage of development of northern pike artificial reproduction technology for stocking with larvae and fry in the Kaliningrad lagoon basin is considered in this paper. Today northern pike natural stocks in the Kaliningrad lagoon basin are not numerous due to unregulated fishery and limited spawning habitat. Since the 1990s, in many countries of the world, the number of natural stocking northern pike has gradually decreased and at present does not exceed several thousand tons. This problem is also relevant for the Baltic Sea basin, where the modern catches of northern pike in the Curonian and Kaliningrad lagoons make 7,2 and 0,6 tons respectively. At the present time different scientific programs and actions are realized in many countries to restore natural stocks of northern pike. One of the most promising solutions of low northern pike numbers problem is organization of northern pike artificial reproduction in the territory of the Kaliningrad Region. Based on our earlier research in the Curonian lagoon basin, the second stage of development of the technology of northern pike artificial reproduction was carried out on the basis of the educational and experimental farm of KSTU in 2020. Prespawning maintenance of 25 northern pike producers with the use of cages from deli, ponds and reclamation canal was carried out, as well as egg incubation and holding of prelarvae in RAS. As a result of the conducted researches, it was established, that the reproductive products of northern pike producers have high quality and the prelarvae at the stage of incubation have high survival rate (82,2–91,7%). The calculated of biometric parameters of producers and their reproductive products, confirmed the correlation between the weight of females and their fecundity, which was 0,86 and 0,95. The scheme of keeping of producers and incubation of northern pike eggs tested at the second stage has shown the prospect of providing 50% of the need in stocking of young northern pike in the Kaliningrad lagoon with the use of 100% stock of producers.

Yorkshire pigs occupy one of the first places in livestock farms in different parts of the world. This is due to the fact that breeding boars of this breed are widely used by farmers and owners not only of large livestock complexes, but also by private farms for crossing with other breeds of adapted pigs to increase the meat indicators of offspring. Pigs of this breed are very sensitive to sudden changes in ambient temperature, often suffer from overheating or hypothermia, which can affect the health of internal organs and body systems and can lead to diseases of the urinary system in general and in particular the bladder. The purpose of our study is to study the features of the histological structure of the bladder wall in Yorkshire piglets in the age aspect. Cadaver material for the study was delivered to the Department of Animal Anatomy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences from the Idavang Agro pig breeding complex in Nurma village, Tosnensky district of the Leningrad Region. The study was conducted in three age groups, according to the periodization of pig life: the first stage of development – newborn piglets (1-4 days of the postnatal period); the second stage of development – the first dairy (5-21 days of the postnatal period); the third stage of development – the second dairy (22-45 days of the postnatal period). From the first stage of development, newborn one-day-old piglets were used; from the second stage – animals 10-14 days; from the third – piglets 28-30 days of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. The average body weight of piglets of group 1 is 550 g.; Group 2 is 1800 g.; Group 3 is 3000 g. In total, five piglets were inherited in each age group. The age was determined by the bonus cards and from the words of the chief veterinarian of the farm. To achieve this task, a set of traditional morphological research methods was used: fine anatomical dissection, histological, photographing and morphometry. Histological examination revealed that in Yorkshire piglets, the bladder wall has a typical histological structure and consists of mucous, muscular, and serous membranes. Morphometric indicators of histological structures of the bladder wall were determined and it was concluded that these values of thickness and diameter in males slightly exceed those in females.

Individual, family and environment as the subject of research in social pedagogy – development and transformations

The universal pension funds in Bulgaria effectively entered their second stage of development—the distribution phase—in 2021. That year, the first insured individuals with accumulated funds in their individual accounts began receiving pension benefits or deferred payments from their chosen fund. However, 23 years after the introduction of universal pension funds in the country, most insured individuals still do not recognize their pension institution, let alone understand the different types of payment options currently available to them. The fintech industry may dramatically change this in the coming years, especially among younger generations who are far more adaptable to new technologies. This paper aims to assess the areas of the pension fund business where fintech applications could enhance efficiency and increase engagement among insured individuals - many of whom currently find the field unfamiliar or unappealing. The research is structured in two parts. The first examines the main risks and factors that influence pension fund accumulation and benefit amounts in a typical defined contribution scheme. The second presents selected findings from a broader study involving the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in VBA code structuring, focusing on a critical decision facing insured individuals today: whether to remain in their private pension fund until retirement.

The modern development of society is inextricably linked to access to information about its existence: recent discoveries, the current state of objects or spaces, existing threats, etc. For this reason, humanity is constantly searching for new means to ensure access to information. One of the most influential informational tools today is remote sensing of the Earth from space. In this regard, there is a need to study the legal framework for this tool at all levels of legal regulation. This paper is dedicated to the international legal regulation of this phenomenon for the peaceful needs of humanity. The research is based on the fact that remote sensing of the Earth from space can be used for both peaceful and military purposes. The article examines the history of formation and development of legal regulation of remote sensing of the Earth from space as an element of international space law. The author distinguishes 3 stages of its formation: 1) 1959–1977 – development and adoption of 5 major UN international treaties on outer space, the rules and principles of which form the basis for further regulation of remote sensing; 2) 1978– 2003 – establishment and development of international legal regulation of remote sensing activities; 3) 2004 – present – expansion and deepening of the scope of application of legal guidelines on remote sensing, shifting the focus of regulation to the national level. It was found that for peaceful purposes, remote sensing of the Earth from space, at the international level, began to be used since 1959 - from the date of establishment of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). It was established that the understanding of «use of remote sensing of the Earth from space for peaceful purposes» includes the implementation of such activities for the needs of environmental monitoring, rational use of the Earth’s natural resources, weather and climate forecasting, for the health sector, for mitigating the consequences and preventing emergencies of a technogenic and natural nature and providing assistance in this regard. It is established that the peculiarity of the second stage of development of international legal regulation of remote sensing for peaceful purposes was the development of a set of principles of remote sensing activities which were planned to form the basis of a special instrument of international space law – the UN International Convention on Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space. However, since this idea has not yet been implemented, it is concluded that the legal regulation of remote sensing at the international level is still in its infancy. The third stage of development of remote sensing, from the point of view of international legal regulation, is defined as not as active as the previous two, however, it is characterized by a significant deepening of knowledge regarding the implementation of remote sensing, improvement of technologies for its implementation, as well as expansion of the scope of application and development of legislation of individual states on this issue.

An analysis of the irreversible evolution of sedimentation throughout the history of the earth based on a hypothetical interpretation of the geochemical variation of the atmosphere and hydrosphere with time. During the primary (Azoic) stage of development of the earth it is envisioned that the composition of the hydrosphere and atmosphere were largely determined by the gases given off by the process of degasification of the mantle resulting in a highly acidic hydrosphere (HCl, HF, H3B03 and Si02) and an atmosphere consisting largely of CO2 with small amounts of water vapor, ammonia, methane, etc. Toward the end of the primary period, acid oceanic waters were converted to chloride-type waters. During the second stage of development (Archean) the crust of the earth was differentiated into the continental- and oceanic-type structural units which persisted throughout the remainder of earth history, Great amounts of carbonates resulting from the erosion of continental areas were carried into the seas, and the oceans were gradually transformed from chloride to chloride-carbonate type. The third stage of development (Proterozoic-Riphean) began with the emergence of photosynthesis resulting in the appearance of free oxygen in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Toward the end of the Proterozoic the atmosphere attained essentially its present composition. Changes in sedimentary rock types reflect changes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere with a change from ferrous to ferrous-ferric iron deposits and the deposition of calcite instead of dolomite which had been precipitated extensively in Archean and earlier Proterozoic time. The most recent stage of development (Historic) is characterized by the increase in O2 content of the atmosphere and the rapid expansion of living organisms. Sea water also changed from a chloride- carbonate-sulfate type in the Proterozoic, to a chloride-sulfate type in the Historic period. Deposition during the latest stage of chemogenic earth development reflects the changes in atmosphere and hydrosphere, with extensive carbonaceous-carbonate-halide sediments. Factors causing the complex geochemical evolution throughout earth history were: the rock-forming process, the development of life, and the tectonic development of the crust. H. C. Kent

Recent reports of weed‐control failures after the use of glyphosate led to suspicion about the selection of resistant biotypes of Conyza at locations in west and north Paraná, Brazil. Plants were collected, identified as Conyza sumatrensis and subsequently evaluated for possible resistance to glyphosate in four stages of weed development. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse by combining biotypes, stages of development and a range of glyphosate doses. All the suspected biotypes were collected from locations in Cascavel, Toledo, Assis Chateaubriand, Tupãssi and Campo Mourão with a history of glyphosate use in burndown and in glyphosate‐resistant soybean for at least the four previous years and were compared to a susceptible biotype (São Jorge do Ivaí) with no previous history of herbicide use. The doses of glyphosate ranged from 0 to 5760 g ae ha−1. The biotypes were considered as resistant if two combined criteria were present (resistance factor > 1 and the rate required to achieve 80% control is >720 g ha−1). The results provided evidence that there is a marked difference in the level of control of older plants and also confirmed the presence of some resistant biotypes. For applications at the first stage of development, two biotypes that were resistant to glyphosate were identified (Cascavel‐1 and Tupãssi‐6). For applications in the second stage of development, beyond the biotypes that were found in the first stage, three other biotypes were considered as resistant: Toledo‐5, Assis Chateaubriand‐7 and Floresta‐10. However, for applications at the third and fourth stages, all the biotypes were considered as resistant.

The present study provides a description of the morphological, histological and histochemical development, and the ecological implications of red porgy larvae reared in mesocosm, from hatching to 30 days after hatching (DAH). Four development stages were defined by body total length (TL), in agreement with major patterns of larval organogenesis. The first stage was characterized by the highest TL relative growth rate (RGR=7.23 % day -1 ) as larvae elongate their body to escape the culture media viscous forces. RGR decreased in the second stage of development (4.34 % day -1 ), as larvae opened the mouth and initiated exogenous feeding. Protein inclusions at the posterior digestive epithelium were indicative of pinocytosis and intracellular digestion. Yolk reserves were consumed at slower rate (until 5 DAH) than larvae in intensive culture, although the peak of swim bladder inflation occur earlier (8-11 DAH). A significant decrease in RGR (1.55 % day -1 ) and the notochord flexion characterized the third stage of larval development. Larvae migrated deeper in the tank (14 DAH) and adopted an aggressive behavior (17-19 DAH). Gastric glands in the forthcoming stomach were common at 20 DAH. In the last stage of larval development the RGR was 3.62 % day -1 . A sharp increase of Artemia consumption from 26 DAH and cannibalism denoted a change in the digestive mode. Results suggest that red porgy larvae growth and development priorities, and behavior patterns at early stages are directed to increase the number of captured prey.

The article, based on a comprehensive systematic analysis of current legislation and theoretical and legal studies of practicing lawyers and scientists, examines subjective signs of administrative offenses in the field of information circulation, and provides a scientific assessment of the legislation regulating the organization and functioning of subjects of administrative responsibility in the field under investigation. Administrative responsibility is the most comprehensive and meaningful part of the means of information protection. The specificity of offenses in the field of information circulation determines the characteristic features of subjective signs. In terms of structure and content, its components are functional, substantive, procedural and punitive elements. The named elements provide an opportunity to investigate various features of subjects of administrative responsibility - from the standpoint of the object, territory, scope of authority, relation of information to a certain category. The legal status of subjects of administrative responsibility in the field of information circulation, the characteristics of its elements are considered. It is noted that the subject of administrative responsibility is the central link of the legislation on administrative responsibility. The features of an official as a subject of administrative responsibility in the field of information circulation are disclosed. From the point of view of the modern theory of administrative law, the possibility of establishing the responsibility of legal entities in the field of information circulation, the peculiarities of the implementation of administrative responsibility in relation to certain categories of subjects, the impact of sanctions for violations of legislation in the field of information circulation on the effectiveness of countering violations of legislation in the field of study are considered. Characterization of subjective signs of administrative responsibility in the field of information circulation, analysis of elements forming a system of signs determines the perspective of the development of administrative responsibility in the field of information circulation and its definition.

The article presents the results of a functional analysis of Muslim media outlets in terms of the implementation of journalistic functions from the perspective of the Muslim audience’s worldview. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of the functioning of Muslim media outlets as a distinct type of media. The author bases their research on a systematic approach. The article provides a typological description of Muslim media outlets that have been operating since 1991. This relatively long period allows for a comprehensive analysis of important processes in the Russian media system, which includes Muslim media outlets. A typology of Muslim media has been developed, which is characterized by its development in terms of audience: there are Muslim media of a scientific type, for families, for religious figures, for children, and newspapers for young people and families. The stages of development of Muslim media are defined. The first preparatory stage for the emergence of Muslim media is the publication of religious literature in Arabic. The second stage of development is the publication of Tatar calendars as the first printed periodicals to replace newspapers that the tsarist government did not allow the Tatars to publish for political reasons. We consider the third stage in the development of Muslim media to be the appearance in 1906 in Kazan of the first Tatar magazine “Din Va-adab” (Religion and Morality), which was published and edited by the famous Galimzhan Barudi. The fourth stage was the period of the revival of religious Muslim media in the 90s of the XX century. The fifth stage can be considered the emergence of electronic Muslim media in the 2000s. The sixth stage is the development of Muslim media in social networks. The relevance of the study is determined by the study of the actively developing element of the Russian media system, the Muslim media. This segment of the media system has its own audience and specific content creation based on the Quran and the Sunnah.

The vitellogenesis of Paraechinophallus japonicus (Yamaguti, 1934), the first pseudophyllidean tapeworm of the family Echinophallidae studied using transmission electron microscope, is described on the basis of ultrastructural observations of specimens from the benthopelagic fish Psenopsis anomala (Temminck et Schlegel, 1844) (Perciformes: Centrolophidae). The process of vitellogenesis in P. japonicus follows the same general pattern observed in other tapeworms. Five stages of vitellocyte development have been distinguished. The first stage corresponds to immature cells containing ribosomes and mitochondria. The second stage of development is characterized by the appearance of granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes, formation of shell globules and lipid droplets at the periphery of the cell cytoplasm. Vitellocyte of the third stage presents accumulation of shell globules and lipid droplets. During the fourth stage, shell globule clusters are formed, and lipid droplets and rosettes of alpha-glycogen are accumulated. Mature vitelline cells are characterized by a great number of lipid droplets with glycogen in the centre of the cytoplasm, whereas shell globule clusters are situated more peripherally. The interstitial tissue of vitelline follicles of P. japonicus is syncytial with long cytoplasmic projections extending between vitelline cells. The presence of a large amount of lipid droplets in the vitelline cytoplasm within the eggs of P. japonicus may be related to egg accumulation in the uterine sac.

This research is conducted to discover the animus of a masculine girl in the novel titled “Girl Mans Up” written by M-E Girard. This research applies an analytical psychology approach, specifically archetypal approach with the concept of animus archetype proposed by Carl Jung. Animus is the masculine qualities or traits in females’ psyche, in opposition with her outer appearance. This research focuses on the stages of the animus development of the main female character whose outer appearance was not feminine. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. To collect and analyze the data, the researchers use library research method. There are two types of data, which are primary and secondary. Primary data are collected from the novel and secondary data are collected from books and articles related to animus to support the research. The analysis shows that the main character’s animus was on the first and second stage of development, with three data for Man of Power stage and six data for Man of Action stage, and that gender expression does not fully signify the person’s psychological traits.

The aim of this research is to explore theories of child sociological development, children's emotional abilities, factors that influence children's social-emotional development. This research is qualitative research with the type of library research. The findings from this research can be concluded: first, the characteristics of early childhood are as follows: (1) children have great curiosity, (2) children are unique, (3) children are rich in fantasy or imagination, (4) children have attitudes egocentric, (5) children have short concentration power. Second, there are four stages of children's social emotional development, namely: (1) development stage I from infancy to 2 years of age. The first stage is the baby's stage of learning about hope, (2) the second stage of development from 18 months to 4 years old. At this stage children will learn to face the conflict of independence vs shame, (3) stage III development from the age of 3 years to 6 years. In the third stage, children will learn to deal with emotions when the meaning is accepted or rejected, (4) stage IV development from the age of 5 and a half years to 12 years. This stage develops in school-age children. Here, children will learn how to compete in groups, developing 3 social skills. Third, social development factors can be influenced by: (1) family, (2) maturity, (3) socio-economic status, (4) education, (5) mental capacity: emotions and intelligence.

NILU-UV multi-filter radiometer total ozone columns: Comparison with satellite observations over Thessaloniki, Greece