The Historical Legacy on the Pages of Census Books

The work is devoted to the study of the census book of the Zakotorozhsky municipality of the Yaro-slavl district in 1710. The value of the source is represented in a rather rare combination of the follow-ing data: 1) the division of serving people based on their place of residence: in the Yaroslavl district or in Moscow and, accordingly, service with the city or according to the Moscow list; 2) the availability of detailed information about their family members, including wives and daughters, for the Yaroslavl group of nobles and children of boyars; 3) the indication of several dozen estates and fiefdoms of their previous owners at the time of the 1678 census. In general, this structure is not typical for census books. In other words, the results of studying the data of 1710 with the use of materials from 1678 make it possible to trace the changes in the genealogical composition of the landowners of the Zakoto-rozhsky municipality that occurred in the late 1670s – late 1700s. Based on detailed information about gender, age, and marital status, it is possible to characterize the demographic characteristics of the studied group of provincial nobility in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and its likely prospects for change in the 1710s. Finally, information about the past owners of not only entire estates and patrimo-nies, but also parts and shares of land plots, using the example of several dozen cases, allows us to address the issues of mobilizing possessions, their transitions along various lines within the service family and beyond. Consideration of these plots is also necessary due to the low degree of study of the topic of military land ownership at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

The relevance of the research topic is due to the determining influence of social class appearance, the occupation and the previous geographical place of migrants’ residence on the further social and economic development of the populating region. On the example of the largest rural settlement of Tambov Governorate – Rasskazovo village – we show the features of state peas-ants migrations to the region of traditional agriculture (Central Black Earth Region) on the microhistorical level during the foundation and settlement by them the separate settlement in Zalesskiy stan of Tambov County in the late 17th – early 18th century. During the study we define the date and geographical location of the Rasskazovo village foundation – Lesnoy Tambov. We give brief information about the biography of its founder beekeeper S.A. Rasskaz – Vodyanov. We describe the nearest surroundings of the village with the indication of smallholders and the names of their owners. We analyze the course of home settlement of the village in the first years of its existence with the usage of data of census lists, census books and household censuses. We determine the range of settlement from which palace peasants moved to a new place of residence. We try to determine the class structure of the villagers in the first half of the 18th century. We also trace the demographic growth of the village in the period 1697–1744. We reveal a number of features of the primary (to the village) and secondary (to new places of residence) migrations of the first Rasskazovo settlers.

This front matter section of the book Warfare and the Age of Printing: Catalogue of Early Printed Books from before 1801 in Dutch Military Collections contains the table of contents, acknowledgments, preface and an introduction. It provides an overview of the chapter: The Ministry of Defence's treasury of books: 10,000 volumes from the 16th to the 18th century . Most of the books described in the chapter originate from the Ministry of Defence's historical legacy. The oldest works date from the 16th century. Although the Dutch military library system was established only in the 1820s, the wealth of books belonging to the Ministry of Defence dating from 16th to the 18th centuries, as well as their inscribed provenance, indicate an enduring military book culture. Many of the library's books originate from the soldiers' baggage. Keywords: Dutch military library system; Ministry of Defence's historical legacy

Throughout the 17th century, the Palace economy developed dynamically in the Royal fiefdoms, which by the middle — the second half of the 17th century were characterized by high profitability. The Palace lands provided the Romanov House with everything it needed. The components of the Palace economy included agriculture, fishing grounds, and manufacturing facilities. At the same time, the Royal manufactories were not numerous, the fishing grounds were not in all the sovereign’s fiefdoms, only agriculture dominated everywhere. The relevance of this work lies in studying the historical experience of socio-econo­mic and political development of the Russian state in the 17th century. The purpose of the article is to consider Palace agriculture in Russia in the 17th century. The methodological basis of the study relies on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. The author has used the works by russian pre-revolutionary historians V. N. Tatishchev, S. M. Solovyov, and M. Baranovsky, as well as the works of researchers of the soviet and post-soviet periods S. I. Volkov, V. I. Buganov, V. A. Korostelev, and A. V. Topychkanov. The novelty of the research consists in the introduction of new historical sources into scientific circulation. The source database consists of the unpublished office documents from the Armory chamber fund 396, the Palace department fund 1239 of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA, Moscow), as well as from the rare handwritten and old-printed books fund of the Moscow state United art historical, architectural and natural landscape museum-reserve. Among the published sources, we can distinguish a group of office documents. These are census, parish, and expense books of orders of Secret Affairs and the Grand Palace. In addition, the author has used the historical and geographical materials of the 17th — early 18th century from the books of the Discharge Order and the memoirs by the german traveler A. Oleary. The results show the place of Palace agriculture in the economy of the Tsar’s domain in Russia in the 17th century. The author has identified the main directions in the development of agriculture on the territory of the Palace fiefdoms. Having studied the attempt to modernize the Palace agriculture during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and to use the best european experience, this research highlights the significance of the Secret Affairs Order, which was in charge of many agricultural objects in the second half of the 17th century; their geographical coordinates are indicated. The author reveals the main features of the development of Palace grain farming, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry farming, and beekeeping. The examples of farming in some Tsar’s villages of the Moscow Region showcase the ways of providing labor for the main objects of agriculture in the Tsar’s domain. The agricultural products from the Royal fiefdoms were intended for the Royal family. To a lesser extent, they were sent for sale on the domestic market. Different Royal fiefdoms specialized in particular fields. Namely, Izmailovo, Chashnikovo, Alekseevskoye, Stepanovskoye, Ekaterininskaya Grove, and Yermolino Palace villages near Moscow supplied rye, oats, wheat, hops, flax, and hemp. Grape, fruit, and mulberry orchards were bred in Chuguev, Astrakhan, Bryansk, and the Moscow Region. Russian and German specialists were involved in their service. The Palace villages Pachino, Alekseevskoe, Stepanovski, Ermolino, situated near Moscow, and the villages Lyskovo and Murashkino near Nizhny Novgorod were the centres of the Palace livestock. Tsar’s apiaryies were in Karpovka, Volnovsky, Kharkiv, Chuguyev, Olesinska, and Hotnichescom counties. Palace agriculture was served using the forced labor of palace peasants and posadsky people, soldiers, archers, while only small amounts of hired labor were involved.

Zambia underwent a period of health sector reform from 1993 to 1998. The reform attracted substantial support from the World Bank and bilateral donors. While significant achievements were made with respect to decentralization, increased accountability and donor collaboration, the reform stalled in 1998 without having achieved its objectives, largely because of the handling of hospital reform and the civil servants in the health sector. This study was an attempt to analyze this experience with the hospital issue. Service and infrastructure information was collected from all 88 hospitals in the country. Further, information was collected about the social, economic, and political context of the reform. The results show that an historical legacy from the colonial and post-colonial eras has left the country with an expensive and skewed hospital structure that is rapidly deteriorating and very difficult to reform. The referral system is not functioning: higher-level hospitals provide a higher level of care to their immediate catchment populations than is available to the population in general. The reality is thus far from the vision of equity of access to cost-effective quality care. Zambian doctors have either left the country or are concentrated at the highest referral levels in two provinces, leaving the lower levels and most of the country in the hands of expatriate doctors. There are no resources in the government or the private systems to maintain the current hospital infrastructure and things will likely deteriorate unless radical decisions are taken and implemented. The study further shows that the question of hospital reform is a political high-risk zone. If the problems are to be dealt with, the Zambian planners must, together with the politicians, work to create a broad national consensus for understanding the situation, its urgency, and the limited options for forward action.

Based on the materials of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), questions of the ethnic composition of the main city of Siberia - Tobolsk in the XVII century are examined. Attention is paid to the characteristics of various groups of the urban Turkic population. A review of census books on Siberia of the 17th century is completed. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the “Census book of Tatar yurts in river Irtysh”, introduced by the authors into scientific circulation. The results of a comparative analysis of data from the census book of 1682 with other sources are presented. The question is raised about the features of the population formation of the Tatar settlement of Tobolsk. It is proved that the formation of the Tatar urban population included various categories of the Turkic population. A classification and characterization of such population groups of the city of Tobolsk as service Tatars, feudally dependent Tatars, and Bokharans are proposed. The novelty of the study is determined primarily by the lack of knowledge of the ethnic composition of Siberian cities, in particular, in the 17th century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to identify ways of forming the population of the Siberian capital.

Introduction. The article deals with one important problem in the history of the 17th-century peasant family: the relationship between a woman and her family, as well as the family of her husband, in cases when this peasant was taken to military service for a long time. Methods and materials. The article is based on unpublished materials of the description of the Shenkurskaya and Podvinskaya chetverts of Vazhskiy uyezd in 1665. The author explores different situations of taking peasants in soldiers and further interaction of the volost with the families of these soldiers. The fates of soldiers’ wives are a subject of special attention. Analysis and results. The paper considers various cases that are recorded in the census book: the case of soldier’s wife living in the same yard with relatives of her husband or with her own relatives, the case of soldier’s wife death, the case of “begging inside the parish”. One of these variants was a new marriage of the soldier’s wife. The cases when it took place after the death of the first husband were always recorded. We assume that numerous cases of women’s marriage without remarks of her first husband’s death reflect the practice of a cohabitation among the peasants, which was not consecrated by the church, but was actually recognized by the government and by volost residents.

This review discusses Anton I. Sobolev’s doctoral thesis Russian Onomastics of Finno-Ugric Origin in the Region of South-Eastern Obonezhye: The Experience of Language Interaction Reconstruction. The study is grounded in an extensive body of evidence, including data collected by the author through fi eldwork and a wide range of archival sources. The South-Eastern Lake Onega region is particularly signifi cant as a zone of long-term contact between three languages: Vepsian, Karelian, and Russian. The central hypothesis of the dissertation is that onomastic data, especially toponyms and anthroponyms, can serve as a primary basis for determining both the relative and absolute chronology of language use and interaction in substrate contexts. Drawing on a diverse set of materials — scribal and census books, archival documents, topographic maps and plans (18th–20th centuries), the toponymic card index of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, other publicly available toponymic databases, and the author’s own fi eld data — the study also incorporates linguistic sources (primarily dialect dictionaries) and a broad spectrum of non-linguistic literature, including archaeological, geological, geographical, biological, ethnographic, and historical works related to the region. The author succeeds in reconstructing the geographical spread and chronological boundaries of Vepsian and Karelian language presence in the region, as well as the subsequent phases of Vepsian-Russian and Karelian-Russian contact. The study also recovers vocabulary units that are no longer attested in the modern Vepsian and Karelian languages. The overall evidence, including the widespread presence of substrate toponymy (semi-calques and calcifi ed toponyms), substrate vocabulary (including calcifi ed lexical items), and supporting data from historical, archaeological, ethnographic, and architectural sources, clearly supports the conclusion that the region experienced a gradual and extensive shift from Vepsian and Karelian to Russian.

The article is devoted to the research of the history of the origin and to the specificity of the architectural features of the Pskovo‑Pechersky monastery’s fortifications. The author studies the initial state of fortifications of the 16th century and assesses the current state of the fortress. The author traces the period of construction of the fortress up to 1664 based on the study of archival documents, census books and images of the monastery. The construction time of each separate tower is determined, the process of their evolution is shown. Particular attention is drawn to the polygonal composition of the plan, as its distinctive feature. The decisive factor in the development of the fortress plan and in the location of battle towers is identified. The author focuses on the resemblance of fortress walls, embrasures, forms of passageways to fortress walls and passageways in the towers of the Kazan Kremlin. The characteristic features of each tower are described in detail, their role in the ensemble of investigated fortifications is revealed. The state significance of the Pskovo‑Pecherskaya fortress is emphasized. Summing up, the author makes a conclusion about the participation of masters, familiar with methods of fortification practice developed in Moscow, in the process of the fortress construction. In conclusion, the author draws attention to the fact that the fortress of the Pskovo‑Pechersky monastery is a cultural monument that enhances the holistic perception of the ensemble of the monastery. Статья посвящена исследованию истории возникновения и специфике архитектурных особенностей крепостных сооружений Псково‑Печерского монастыря. Автором изучается первоначальное состояние фортификации XVI в. и дается оценка современному состоянию крепостных сооружений. На основе изучения архивных документов, переписных книг и изображений монастыря автор прослеживает периоды строительства крепости вплоть до 1664 г. Определяется время возведения отдельных башен, показывается процесс их эволюции. Особое внимание обращается на многоугольную композицию плана как на его отличительную особенность. Выявляется определяющий фактор в разработке плана крепости и расстановке боевых башен. Автор акцентирует внимание на сходстве крепостных стен, проемов боя, форм проездов с крепостными стенами и проездами в башнях Казанского кремля. Подробно описываются характерные черты каждой башни, раскрывается их роль в исследуемом ансамбле фортификационных сооружений. Подчеркивается общегосударственное значение Псково‑Печерской крепости. Подводя итоги, автор приходит к выводу об участии в строительстве крепости мастеров, знакомых с приемами фортификационной практики, сложившейся в Москве. В заключение автор обращает внимание на то, что крепостные сооружения Псково‑Печерского монастыря являются памятником культуры, усиливающим целостное восприятие ансамбля монастыря.

Societal Impact StatementDespite strong historical declines, Guadeloupe and Haiti's coffee sectors remain important to rural communities' livelihood and resilience. Coffee also holds value as part of the islands' historical legacy and cultural identities. Furthermore, it is often grown in agroforestry systems providing important ecosystem services, which will become more important as these vulnerable islands work to adapt to a changing climate. Current efforts to revitalize coffee farms and target strategically important specialty markets would benefit from understanding existing genetic resources and the historical factors that shaped them. Our study reveals the rich history reflected in current coffee stands on the islands.Summary The West Indies, particularly former French colonies like Haiti and Guadeloupe, were central to the spread of coffee in the Americas. The histories of these Islands are shared until the 19th century, where they diverged significantly. Still, both Islands experienced a strong decline in their coffee sector. Characterizing the genetic and varietal diversity of their coffee resources and understanding historical factors shaping them can help support revitalization efforts. To that end, we performed Kompetitve Allele‐Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping of 80 informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on field samples from across main coffee‐growing region of Guadeloupe, and two historically important ones in Haiti, as well as 146 reference accessions from international collections. We also compared bioclimatic variables from sampled geographic areas and searched for historical determinants of present coffee resources. At least five Coffea arabica varietal groups were found in Haiti, versus two in Guadeloupe, with admixed individuals in both. The traditional Typica variety is still present in both islands, growing across a variety of climatic environments. We also found Coffea canephora on both islands, with multiple likely origins, and identified C. liberica var. liberica in Guadeloupe. These differences are explained by the Islands' respective histories. Overall, Guadeloupe experienced fewer, but older introductions of non‐Typica coffee. By contrast, several recent introductions have taken place in Haiti, driven by local and global factors and reflecting the history of Arabica varietal development and spread. Diversity on these islands is dynamic, and our results reveal opportunities and limits to the future of Guadeloupean and Haitian coffee.

In this fully revised and updated third edition of China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know® , Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Maura Elizabeth Cunningham provide cogent answers to the most urgent questions regarding the newest superpower, and offer a framework for understanding China’s meteoric rise from developing country to superpower. Focusing their answers through the historical legacies--Confucian thought, Western and Japanese imperialism, the Mao era, and the massacre near Tiananmen Square--that largely define China’s present-day trajectory, Wasserstrom and Cunningham introduce readers to the Chinese Communist Party, the building boom in Shanghai, and the environmental fall-out of rapid Chinese industrialization. They also explain unique aspects of Chinese culture such as the one-child policy, and provide insight into Chinese-American relations, a subject that has become increasingly fraught during the Trump era. As Wasserstrom and Cunningham draw parallels between China and other industrialized nations during their periods of development, in particular the United States during its rapid industrialization in the 19th century, they also provide guidance on the ways we might expect China to act in the future vis-à-vis the United States, Russia, India, and its East Asian neighbors. Updated to include perspectives on Hong Kong’s shifting political status, as well as expanding on President Xi Jinping’s time in office, China in the 21st Century provides a concise and insightful introduction to this significant global power.

Americanism and financial accounting theory – Part 1: Was America born capitalist?

The article presents the results of a comprehensive study of one of the monuments of the Russian old-settler population of the Tobolsk Priirtyshya — the village of Shishkina on the Tobol River. Since this territory is one of the key areas in the exploration of Siberia, its study is considered relevant. At the same time, the history of Russian settlements in Tobolsk Priirtyshya has been insufficiently studied, which hampers a detailed characterization of the historical and cultural features of the region as a whole. The village of Shishkina is first mentioned in written sources from the early 17th century, and at present, it has almost completely ceased to exist. Due to the fragmentary nature of the information about the settlement, a comprehensive picture of the emergence and development of Shishkina has been absent until now. The conducted research aimed to fill this gap. A comprehensive approach was used in the study of Shishkina, drawing on various sources. Data from written and cartographic sources were utilized. The geomorphology of the Tobol River section was studied, along with its influence on the natural boundaries of agricultural lands. The data from archaeology allowed for an assessment of the material culture of the examined village. The research conducted showed that even small rural settlements, such as Shishkina, contain valuable information about the history of Siberian exploration, transport infrastructure, social composition, and everyday culture of the old-settler population of Tobolsk Priirtyshya. The comprehensive approach, which combined written and archaeological sources, not only made it possible to more fully reconstruct the history of a particular settlement but also to gain a deeper understanding of the features of land development, socio-economic processes, and everyday life of Russians in Siberia from the 17th to the early 20th centuries. Despite the relatively small volume of archaeological work, which does not allow for generalized conclusions about the peculiarities of the material culture of the residents of Shishkina, preliminary conclusions can be formulated. Although this settlement appeared quite early, in the early 17th century, and was an important point on the Moscow-Siberian tract near Tobolsk, this did not serve as an impetus for the growth of its residents' prosperity.

This article compares Austria with three of its former state-socialist neighbouring countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The authors are guided by the assumption that it is necessary to analyse changes in both the structure and the perception of inequality and that the two are interconnected. They assume that some general differences exist as a result of the legacy of state socialism in the three post-communist countries, but also that significant differences exist between those three countries themselves that stem from their different paths of development in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the first part of this article, differences in the societal-political aims of a Western country such as Austria and those of state-socialist countries are discussed. The authors argue that the state-socialist countries were able to contain income inequality but were less successful at limiting other aspects of inequality. Austria, on the other hand, was able to avoid the severe income inequalities of the capitalist system by introducing democratic-corporatist institutions and a strong welfare state. In the second part of the article the authors investigate the subjective perception of inequality based on the ISSP inequality surveys. The majority of the population in all four countries think that income differences are too large, but there are significant differences in how people perceive and evaluate the stratification structure: in Austria, individuals rank themselves significantly higher than do people in the other three countries and see their society as dominated by the middle classes. The opposite is true in Hungary, where most people think that they live in a society characterised by a small elite, and they see the mass of the people at the bottom.

The article studies documents from the State Archive of the Orel Region (GAOO) as an important source for studying the sense of justice of the Oryol gubernia peasants in early 20th century. Introduction of new archival materials allows to flesh out our knowledge and to produce a true-to-life picture of the Oryol peasants’ way of life. The peasant origins of the majority of the population necessitate a comprehensive study of peasant legal consciousness. Historical legacy is pertinent to present day, and forgetting its lessons is fraught with consequences. Evolution of modern Russian statehood hedges on its historical and legal traditions. The article studies documents in the fonds of public authorities, police, gendarmerie, courts, and prosecution offices. Introduction of new materials of public authorities, police, gendarmerie, courts, and prosecution offices into the scholarship promotes the analysis of the evolution of peasant legal sense in early 20th century. The chronological framework of the article is limited to the period from 1900 to 1917, its territorial framework is limited to the Oryol gubernia in its pre-revolutionary borders. The article studies reports, dispatches, and circular letters using the comparative method. The intensification of peasant protest was incidental to the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 – the peasants hoped to force the government to settle the agrarian question, wherein lay the crux of their interests. As peasants of the Oryol gubernia suffered from shortage of arable land, antimonarchical sentiments gained momentum and translated a growing number of trials for contempt of the Emperor. Illegal literature spreading among the peasants, further radicalized them, and the authorities grew more and more hesitant in their assessment of peasant loyalty, which is quite intelligible in the archival documents. Thus, the use of new archival documents in addition to published materials promotes the scholarship on the peasant legal sense.