The heritage-climate change nexus: towards a values-based adaptive planning response for cultural landscapes

Formulation of the problem. Ukraine has a vast and uniquely diverse cultural landscape potential. However, the state of the landscapes, which has long been a matter of public concern, has deteriorated many times over as a result of russia's full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine. At the same time, Ukraine is far behind in implementing the commitments made by the European and international community in a number of international documents on the preservation of cultural landscapes. The purpose of the article. The purpose of this publication is to develop proposals for the implementation of the concept of cultural landscape in the field of protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage on the basis of fulfilling Ukraine's relevant international obligations and introducing the best mechanisms and practices of European countries. Methodology and results. The research methodology is based on a descriptive qualitative and comparative approach, which made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the experience of preserving the cultural landscape as a heritage in certain EU countries - representatives of the “old Europe” (Italy and Spain), post-socialist (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic) and post-Soviet (Latvia and Lithuania) space. The European experience was studied through the prism of meeting the requirements of the European Landscape Convention and the possibilities of its practical application in Ukraine. The analysis of examples of practical implementation of the concept of cultural landscape by European countries in comparison with domestic practice in Ukraine made it possible to identify the main problems in this area and to outline indicative directions of a possible strategy for their solution, the main mechanisms, tools and specific measures for their implementation. The first step in the development of such a strategy could be the development and adoption by government decree of a National Action Plan for the Protection and Preservation of the Cultural Landscape Heritage of Ukraine. The overall goal of this plan for the next 5-10 years should be to ensure the protection, preservation and careful use of the country's cultural landscapes by: bringing the country's legislation into line with the EU system of legal and regulatory standards for landscape protection, regulation and planning; taking these issues into account in the formulation and implementation of state cultural, environmental and urban planning policies and including them as an integral part of the strategy for Ukraine's post-war reconstruction; raising public awareness and involving communities. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The novelty of the study is the identification of the main areas of action for the protection and preservation of the cultural landscape heritage of Ukraine and the development of concrete proposals for their filling with appropriate measures. Acknowledgement. The research is financed by the European Union NextGenerationEU from the funds of the Recovery and Resilience Plan mechanism within the project "Scholarships for outstanding researchers threatened by the military conflict in Ukraine" No. 09І03-03-V01-00021. This article is one of the results of the research within the framework of grant no. 2/0043/23 "Identification of landscape diversity and its changes in Slovakia based on remote sensing data in the context of the European Green Deal" supported by the Slovak Scientific Grant Agency VEGA.

The primary aim of this paper is to outline the cultural landscapes associated with the Ainu people and their culture, as well as the characteristics of tourism leveraging these landscapes, in Biratori Town in the Hidaka region of Japan’s Hokkaido Prefecture. Such landscapes incorporate, as an integral part, sacred places of the Ainu, an indigenous people of Japan located mainly in Hokkaido. In particular, the Cultural Landscape along the Sarugawa River Resulting from Ainu Tradition and Modern Settlement has been designated as an Important Cultural Landscape by the Japanese government. Initiatives to preserve and utilize cultural landscapes associated with the Ainu as cultural properties enhance the value of local landscapes, and also have major significance as part of a regional promotion policy and motions for ethnic communities. Section 1 begins with an outline of sacred places in traditional Ainu culture based on examples, and details previous relevant research and studies. This is followed by a summary of views regarding the meanings of the words “sacred” and “places” and related concepts. In Section 2, the overall initiatives taken to preserve sacred places and cultural landscapes, in consideration of the relationship between such places and development of the region’s cultural landscapes, are discussed. Section 3 illustrates the involvement of local residents in cultural tourism leveraging cultural landscapes and details the prospects and challenges that lie ahead. It was only after the 1997 enactment of the Ainu Culture Promotion Act that national and local government policies on the Ainu began to change drastically from the forced assimilation implemented in the Meiji period to an approach involving Ainu cultural promotion. In addition, only relatively recently (2004) the Act on Protection of Cultural Properties was amended to cover cultural landscapes, and a limited research has been conducted connecting Ainu culture and cultural landscapes. As a result, sacred places and cultural landscapes of the indigenous Ainu people, which are based on their unique traditional view of nature (e.g., the concept that nothing descends to the earth from the world of the deities without a job to do), have rarely been highlighted as valuable cultural heritage sites either in Japan or elsewhere. Against this background, Biratori Town seeks to implement its own measures and projects for the preservation of cultural landscapes associated with the Ainu in keeping with national policies. The town promotes cultural tourism programs, eco-tourism courses and other projects in which the Ainu culture’s preservers play central roles, while working to improve the quality of local cultural resources in collaboration with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Agency for Cultural Affairs, the Forestry Agency and other national government bodies. One of the main pillars of these initiatives is the preservation and utilization of cultural landscapes related to Ainu culture; other pillars include the revival of Ainu culture with focus on ways of living and the promoting the regional development, along with encouragement of active participation by Ainu, other local residents, and their collaboration with experts. These initiatives form and expand the foundations of today’s social environment for the preservation of religious activities involving sacred places (e.g., ci-nomi-sir) and sacred landscapes. This indicates the potential for traditional Ainu living spaces, which are based on the traditional Ainu spiritual culture, to support various forms of initiatives and relationships and to be sustained as ethnic harmonic spaces. The authors hope that cultural landscapes related to Ainu culture will come to be regarded as part of the major trend of international and interdisciplinary research and practice, and that research will progress in this area of study.

The "Prosecco Hills of Conegliano and Valdobbiadene" has been inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2019 under the category “cultural landscapes”. The study analysed land use and landscape changes in the last six decades through spatial analyses and landscape metrics, identifying main changes and comparing similarities and differences between the Core and the Buffer Zone. The main aims were to identify the main drivers that contributed to the preservation of the traditional cultural landscape and to provide data and indications for landscape planning and conservation, with particular attention to the opportunities/threats due to the expected increase of tourism resulting from the recent UNESCO recognition. The study was conducted in the framework of the UNESCO site Management Plan.Results demonstrated that the Core Zone traditional landscape has a higher level of integrity compared to the Buffer Zone, due to the different terrain morphology that represents the main driver. The rough morphology of the Core Zone contributed to the preservation of traditional vineyards interspersed with small woods, linear tree formations and forest patches, as it was not possible to introduce mechanisation in viticulture due to steep slopes that oblige farmers to cultivate vines on ciglioni (earth terraces). Core Zone's main change was due to forestation (21% of the surface) on steeper slopes and higher altitudes, caused by the abandonment of pastures that occurred in the last decades. The main transformations in the Buffer Zone were agricultural intensification (29% of the surface) due to the replacement of traditional mixed crops, meadows, and arable land with modern and mechanised vineyards, and urban sprawl (average rate of 10 ha/year). The study highlighted that despite land use changes the Buffer Zone still contributes to the conservation of the overall UNESCO site landscape quality. Buffer Zone can also have a potential key-role in mitigating the increasing tourist flows, but additional urban sprawl or the spread of other modern vineyards should be avoided. The main long-term objective should be the preservation of the cultural landscape and the peaceful coexistence of farmers, local population and tourists, with mutual benefits, by applying a participatory approach.

Historic urban areas are a crucial component of urban heritage, arguably embodying the collective memory of urban development and often possessing distinctive urban textures and cultural attributes. This study analyses the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and urban morphology in uMlazi, a township in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A dual theoretical framework informs the study. Through the dual lenses of the cultural landscape model and space syntax theory focused on a dynamic township environment, the study examined how intangible cultural heritage in open spaces and public amenities intersects with urban morphology to potentially shape community identity, social dynamics, and the built environment. The study explored how cultural heritage is crucial in defining uMlazi’s cultural landscape and influencing urban form and structure. It further examined the influence of key factors that impact the interplay between intangible cultural heritage and urban morphology, including historical context and urban planning policies. The study’s findings suggest that cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge systems play an integral role in urban planning and development initiatives to preserve community identity. The findings contribute to the growing research on cultural heritage and urban morphology, offering insights into township contexts’ unique challenges and opportunities. Keywords: Intangible Cultural Heritage, Urban Morphology, Public Amenities, Cultural Landscape.

Intangible cultural heritage is representative of a community’s cultural authenticity and identity and includes oral traditions, performing arts, festive events or traditional craftsmanship which have been inherited over generations (UNESCO, 2003). Each culturally diverse community possesses its own unique and authentic intangible cultural heritage, which is not only an integral element of the soul of a community, but can be a vital resource for generating tourism at the national and local levels. There is little argument that intangible cultural heritage can provide a destination and/or community with a unique selling point and competitive advantage in the global marketplace. Intangible cultural heritage is experiential by nature, thus supports tourists in their desire to have a culturally authentic experience. In the process of commodification, however, intangible cultural heritage is transformed and staged too often and to varying degrees, which can lead to a loss of its authenticity (Alivizatou, 2012; Giudici, Melis, Dessi, & Ramos, 2013). Therefore, an approach facilitating intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource is tenuous (WTO, 2012). Despite the increasing attention to intangible cultural heritage and the advice to adopt sustainable approach in the development of intangible cultural heritage as a tourism resource, little research has explored intangible cultural heritage from sustainability perspectives. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the extent to which the development of intangible cultural heritage facilitates the development of a sustainable tourism resource. To achieve this, the following three objectives were developed. First, to situate the sustainable tourism development literature within the context of intangible cultural heritage; second, to analyse public organisations’ documents in order to determine the extent to which they have facilitated the development of intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource; and third, to establish a framework facilitating intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource. This study adopted a single case study, with South Korea as a single representative case. A qualitative-dominant, mixed method approach was used in the process of data collection, analysis and interpretation. A total of 131 public documents from six public organisations were analysed for the second objective. Semi-structured face to face interviews were conducted with a total of 25 intangible cultural heritage practitioners and 22 locals; and questionnaires were given to 255 visitors at National Intangible Heritage Centre in Korea and then collected, to address the third objective. The critical interpretive analysis of 131 public documents revealed that overall, Korean public organisations’ goals and strategies have shown a propensity toward economic neoliberalism, mainly by regarding intangible cultural heritage tourism resources as economic tools. To a much lesser extent, they focus on social development such as ICH practitioners’ equity to participation in the decision-making process and/or intangible cultural heritage practitioners’ empowerment. The analysis of 47 interviews with intangible cultural heritage practitioners and locals, and of 255 questionnaires revealed that safeguarding intangible cultural heritage and developing its tourism role share a symbiotic relationship. This study presents a framework to facilitate the growth of the symbiotic relationships. The framework suggests, for the symbiotic relationship to be facilitated, a top-down approach blended with a bottom up approach, cooperation between stakeholders, and entrepreneurship are necessary. This research addresses a gap in the literature and provides the practical understanding of intangible cultural heritage development. The exploratory research on intangible cultural heritage provides a much-needed framework for intangible cultural heritage to be a sustainable tourism resource, which can be groundwork for future academic research. Moreover, the project offers valuable insight into the combination of various intangible cultural heritage development strategies within one destination (i.e., South Korea), in order to reduce overlapping efforts by stakeholders in South Korea and maximise synergies to facilitate a greater range of positive impacts on the development of intangible cultural heritage for communities.

Climate Change and Landscape PreservationRethinking Our Strategies Robert Z. Melnick (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Although located in the same designed landscape, the birch and hemlock hedge at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site (NH) are experiencing different stresses believed to be caused by long-term changing climate patterns and impacts on the larger ecological system. 2014. (Photo by author) [End Page 174] As we lean into the headwinds of this era of climate change, preserving cultural landscapes can sometimes seem confusing, difficult, and thorny. How might those who are committed to resource preservation, protection, and continuity respond and adjust to these long-building but only recently acknowledged developments? We live in a time when it might be easier to deny or avoid the reality of the impact of climate change on our resources, both natural and cultural. This issue of Change Over Time directly addresses, through theory and practice, the ways in which climate change is already affecting cultural landscapes that are significant, in some cases precious, and in all cases worthy of our attention, protection, and caring. The response to climate change’s impact on cultural landscapes cannot be refined without considering a number of deeper and, in some cases, more deeply rooted issues and concepts. These stem not only from our collective frustration with forces that are well beyond our control, but also from long-held contradictions as we seek to contain, redefine, and disassemble the nature/culture dichotomy. In most cases, these issues could not have been anticipated in the Venice Charter (1964), the Historic Preservation Act (1966), the Burra Charter (1979), or other fundamental declarations of preservation/conservation tenets. In the dedication to protect critical and valued resources, climate change issues require that we be nimble and flexible, yet adhere to basic beliefs and ideals. Cultural landscapes are a relatively recent addition to the historic preservation glossary. That issue has now been effectively settled, and does not need to be reargued here. Nonetheless, it is instructive to remember that cultural landscapes are often on the verge of historic preservation orthodoxy, even as the term has reached a level of often illinformed use and popularity. Not all old structures are historically important; not all cultural landscapes are significant. Perhaps the most challenging concept in cultural landscape preservation is the fundamental understanding that change, unlike for most other cultural resources, is not merely tolerated; it is often an inherent and desired characteristic. “Landscape” is a noun and a verb; it is a “thing” and it is an “activity,” a “development,” or a “process.” Into this already complex mix comes climate change, those big, broad, often subtle, and sometimes overwhelming forces that moderate the very processes that have informed the cultural landscape. As we settle more deeply into the twenty-first century, questions and concerns around climate change are clearly ever more pressing. Although it may seem that some [End Page 175] seasons are cooler, or wetter, or drier, or just as they have always been, the overwhelming scientific evidence is that we have, in fact, embarked on a period of substantial humancaused climate change. We need to look at and comprehend the impact of environmental change on the world we know and love. In many ways, it is a bonding of a humanities perspective and a scientific lens. As with much science, research in climate change is as much an art as it is an exact discipline. We have come to expect, through lifelong indoctrination, that science most often has the right answer. This is, at best, an unreasonable expectation with which to burden those who experiment, take intellectual and professional risks, and seek answers that are often unimaginable or outside our accepted worldviews. We hear of “paradigm shifts,” but, as Thomas Kuhn reminded us, these are really revolutions in our thinking, not merely shifts.1 We need a revolution, and not merely a shift, in our thinking about historically significant cultural landscapes, their preservation or protection, and our response to human-inflicted changes to robust ecological systems. The best science, it would seem, expects and accepts many errors, mistakes, and miscalculations on the way to establishing new understandings, new paradigms, and...

As an area of professional focus, cultural landscape practice, which addresses the combined works of humanity and nature, has evolved over three decades. The author, an innovator in that evolution, enumerates benchmarks and identifies current challenges as wide-ranging as the scale and diversity of the cultural landscapes under consideration. Using examples of works and of international engagement, this article describes the importance of community involvement, governance, expertise, planning, regulatory systems, and finance within projects of diverse scale, scope, and context. Global trends such as climate change, urbanization, and human migration, as well as a clarion call for sustainable development, influence our aspirations, opportunities, and projects. With the urban public landscape as valued heritage, works addressing the shared space of human settlements must include multiple perspectives and sustainable imperatives by integrating culture and nature, incorporating tangible and intangible heritage, confronting threats to valued heritage, and managing the stresses of rapid change. This paper applies the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals to guide our professional toolkit of best practices as we seek to balance heritage tourism and community growth in an ongoing effort to steward enduring values and enhance the role of heritage in sustainable development.

We have to take into account, that the BIG TURN TO THE LANDSCPE is the turn to the sustainability, namely the ecological sustainability. The apparent sense to maintain the values of the cultural values stems from the dynamics of spatial relationship between the city and the countryside. We cannot solve the number of relative separated ecological problems (the support of natural agriculture, the support of renewable energy, the sustainability of transportation) without keeping the countryside inhabited, economically alive, ecologically sound as the real background of the city. The ideological stress on the preservation of the values of the cultural landscape is the way, how to make the ecological attitude to renewable energy and natural agriculture convincing. Despite the logical clarity of emphasis on the cultural landscape, there is no unity among the environmentalists with respect to cultural landscape as the ecological topic of highest importance. Some ecologists are afraid, that the apology of the preservation of traditional image of cultural landscape could mouth to the apology of destruction of the rest of wilderness, that is hidden around us within the cultural landscape as well as it could give rise to the new obstacles towards penetrating the spots of wilderness to the cultural landscape. Is that any chance to overcome this - mostly ideological - debate? The emphasis on preservation of cultural landscape does not exlude - for instance - recovery of original nets of biotic systems inside the country. But it is evident, that the intention to regard the old traditional cultural landscape as the only image of cultural lancscape itself worth of protection is the bad way. We have to protect the cultural landscape as the urbanistic space, despite its next look will differ necessarily from its previous shape.

The traditional mode of intangible cultural heritage communication is mainly offline activities, such as market fairs, temple fairs, sacrificial activities or physical or text and picture display of scenic area museums. With the popularity of the Internet and mobile terminal devices, the traditional offline display methods obviously can not meet the needs of the audience. Communication through digital technology can truly realize the “living communication” of intangible cultural heritage. In the era of rapid development of mobile Internet, video and video have become popular communication methods for the audience. Intangible cultural heritage uses digital means to achieve more detailed and diversified communication, and substitutes the audience into its scene to have all-round contact with intangible cultural heritage. With the rapid development of economic construction, the construction of social spiritual civilization has also accelerated its own pace. We need to use big data technology to give modern attributes to the traditional intangible cultural heritage and make these unfamiliar information full of vitality. Therefore, this paper studies the influencing factors and protection of folk intangible cultural heritage endangered inheritance based on big data technology.KeywordsBig data technologyFolk intangible cultural heritageEndangered heritageIntangible cultural heritage protection

Historic preservation efforts began with an emphasis on buildings, especially those associated with significant individuals, places, or events. Subsequent efforts were expanded to include vernacular architecture, but only in recent decades have preservationists begun shifting focus to the land itself. Cultural landscapes-such as farms, gardens, and urban parks-are now seen as projects worthy of the preservationist's attention. To date, however, no book has addressed the critical issues involved in cultural landscape preservation. In Preserving Cultural Landscapes in America, Arnold R. Alanen and Robert Z. Melnick bring together a distinguished group of contributors to address the complex academic and practical questions that arise when people set out to designate and preserve a cultural landscape. Beginning with a discussion of why cultural landscape preservation is important, the authors explore such topics as the role of nature and culture, the selling of heritage landscapes, urban parks and cemeteries, Puerto Rican neighborhoods in New York City, vernacular landscapes in small towns and rural areas, ethnographic landscapes, Asian American imprints on the western landscape, and integrity as a value in cultural landscape preservation. Contributors: Arnold R. Alanen, University of Wisconsin-Madison * Luis Aponte-Peres, University of Massachusetts-Boston * Gail Lee Dubrow, University of Washington, Seattle * Richard Francaviglia, University of Texas, Arlington * Donald L. Hardesty, University of Nevada, Reno * Catherine Howett, University of Georgia, Athens * Robert Z. Melnick, University of Oregon * Patricia M. O'Donnell, Historic Preservation Consultant, Charlotte, Vermont * David Schuyler, Franklin & Marshall College

Rural landscapes in Africa and elsewhere constitute a precious heritage for rural communities, which have since the onset of time been able to develop endogenous techniques, systems and practices for the development and preservation of natural and cultural landscapes. Within African territorial entities, culture and nature are harmoniously interconnected and their management and preservation are based on systems created and transmitted from generation to generation according to socio-cultural environments and contexts. Based on ancestral social and religious practices, traditional systems and methods for preserving rural landscapes are more focused on a community-oriented approach. Several traditional methods, systems, practices and approaches to the management and preservation of rural landscapes exist in Mali and other African countries. Among them we can mention: - The sanctuarization of certain areas as places of initiation and sacred rituals: woods, forests and sacred ponds..... This practice, governed by numerous prohibitions, has proved to be very successful in the sustainable conservation of rural areas that contribute to the protection of rare animal and plant species. - The sacralization of landscapes considered as havens of supernatural beings (including the souls of deceased ancestors), protective genies or evil spirits is a method that has proven its efficiency in the preservation of several African ecosystems and rural landscapes. - The consecration of passages, places and spaces dedicated to the celebration of certain ritual ceremonies linked to the tradition of masks and other religious practices is in line with the same principle of respect and safeguarding of spaces by local communities. - The development and implementation of certain local conventions governing pastoral, agricultural and forestry calendars (specific transhumance corridors, harvest and consumption periods for new cereals produced, etc.). This is the case of the tradition of pastoralism in the Niger River delta, developed and carried out under the theocratic empire of the Macina (1820 - 1862). Beyond funeral and agrarian ritual ceremonies, some intangible cultural heritage elements play a cardinal role in the preservation of ecosystems and rural landscapes within territories. Among the practical measures is the protection of vulnerable ecosystems within landscapes. The initiation companies, associations and brigades play an essential role in the protection of landscapes and the environment, which is part of their priority mission. Nowadays, it has to be said that the development of new information technologies and globalisation, climate change, are having a dangerous impact on traditional systems and methods for preserving rural landscapes and constitute obstacles to their sustainability. Their revitalization and adaptation to the current context would certainly contribute to the sustainable conservation of the vital spaces that feed the local community, despite growing anthropic pressure.

Re-Imagine

To date, a systematic overview of programs aimed at the development and preservation of cultural landscapes in Germany has not been compiled. However, knowledge about such programs would be highly interesting for regional planning, since an active promotion of the development of cultural landscapes could help achieve integrated regional development. Moreover, an analysis of the potential implications of such programs for cultural landscapes cannot be simple because cultural landscapes are not only the result of multiple, sometimes competing uses, they are also subject to different sector policies that have conceptualized their own programs, which then influence the development of cultural landscapes. Against this background, the article presents a fivestage, multi-criteria databank-based analysis tool that allows the ex-ante evaluation of single programs based on their potential implications for cultural landscapes. English Title: Development of a database based tool for the ex-ante assessment of potential implications of subsidies aimed at cultural landscapes

Reconciling the Conservation of Cultural Heritage with Rural Development

Climate change has become one of the most significant and fastest growing threats to cultural heritage around the globe. Yet cultural heritage sites and collections also serve as invaluable sources of resilience for communities to address climate change. In March 2020, the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Smithsonian’s National Collections Program convened the symposium “Stemming the Tide: Global Strategies for Sustaining Cultural Heritage through Climate Change” to empower cultural heritage authorities, managers, and advocates to pursue more ambitious engagement and collaborative approaches to climate change. Speakers explored six categories of cultural heritage identified by the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS): Cultural Landscapes and Historic Urban Landscapes, Archaeological Sites, Built Heritage (Buildings and Structures), Cultural Communities, Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Museums and Collections. <div><br></div><div>Contributors: Jean Carroon, Antonietta Catanzariti, Carl Elefante, Nicole Heller, Victoria Herrmann, Amber Kerr, Ken Kimmell, Adam Markham, Henry McGhie, Jenny Newell, Isabel C. Rivera-Collazo, Erin Seekamp, Sarah Sutton, Alison Tickell, William G. Tompkins, Meredith Wiggins, Ashley Robbins Wilson, Janene Yazzie</div>