The Hemostatic and Wound Healing Effect of Chitosan Following Debridement of Chronic Ulcers

Abstract

Chitosan has been proven to be helpful in wound care as a hemostatic agent. The hemostatic effect is due to the positively charged chitosan interacting with negatively charged red blood cell membranes, initiating the agglutination of red blood cells and platelets. This promotes the activation of thrombin, which activates the clotting pathway, leading to thrombus formation. Based on the properties of chitosan as a rapidly acting hemostatic agent, the authors sought to determine if a chitosan gelling fiber wound dressing could control bleeding of freshly debrided wounds. The effect of the chitosan dressing on overall healing and patient and provider satisfaction was also evaluated. Wounds of any etiology requiring sharp debridement in patients older than 18 years who were capable of consent were eligible. Wounds were sharply debrided by curettage, scalpel, electrosurgery, or a combination of methods. A chitosan dressing was applied to the freshly debrided wound with gentle pressure. The time from application to hemostasis as assessed by non-progression of blood pattern was measured. Other outcome measures also included digital photography, wound surface area, numerical pain scores, and Photographic Wound Assessment Tool (PWAT) scores. Patient and provider satisfaction were measured. Twenty patients with a variety of etiologies and ulcer types were evaluated. After debridement, wound bleeding was rated as mild (n=9), moderate (n=9), or severe (n=2). The mean time to hemostasis was 75 seconds ± 41 SD (range, 28-221 seconds). In 1 week, the mean wound area decreased from 6.9 cm2 ± 7.8 to 6.2 cm2 ± 7.9 and mean PWAT scores decreased from 17.7 ± 4.9 to 11.4 ± 5.0 (lower score indicates wound healing). Pain scores associated with wound debridement were reduced in all but 1 patient evaluated at week 1. Overall, the rating scores from the Patient Reported Acceptance Questionnaire (PRAQ) and Provider Acceptance Questionnaire (PAQ) developed by this research group were high. The mean total PRAQ score was 30.5 ± 3.9 out of 35 (35 being most satisfied). The PAQ score was 15 out of 15 for all but 1 patient (15 being most satisfied). The chitosan gelling fiber wound dressing was simple to use and rapidly promoted hemostasis in fresh sharply debrided wounds. It was safe and easy to use in an outpatient setting and was highly rated by the patients.