The Hauntology of Chinese Cyberfeminism

Reviewed by: Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History, and: Women in Daoism Zhou Yiqun Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History. Edited by Susan Mann and Yu-yin Cheng. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Pp. xiii + 310. Women in Daoism. By Catherine Despeux and Livia Kohn. Cambridge, MA: Three Pines Press, 2003. Pp. viii + 296. Anyone who looks for a quick taste of what is exciting and important about the research of the past two decades on Chinese women's history should pick up the reader edited by Susan Mann and Yu-yin Cheng. In eighteen chapters, each with a translator's preface and an introduction to the selected text, Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History covers the period from the Tang to the Qing (when the Confucian orthodoxy steadily became entrenched), includes twelve genres, foregrounds women's own voices, and repeatedly introduces the non-Han peoples to the spotlight. The guiding standard for the choice of the diverse, rich, and in many cases new historical materials in the book is that they form a "dialogue" with and provide a "counterpoint, critique, or confirmation" of Confucian values and norms about gender roles (p. 5). The clearheaded and balanced attention to not only "counterpoint" and "critique" but also "confirmation" produces a dynamic and nuanced picture of Chinese gender relations that is radically different from the old stereotypes and yet remains firmly grounded in the reality of a society where Confucianism provided the most important system of values and institutions against which almost all other ideas and practices in traditional China have to be understood. The most crucial confirmed point is perhaps the high value set on family and household in Confucianism, which serves here to explain the considerable power and influence that Chinese women were able to wield despite their confinement in the inner quarters. The funerary biographies by Chen Liang (chapter 4), Luo Rufang (chapter 6), and Zhang Xuecheng (chapter 14), all eminent Confucian scholars, commemorate [End Page 684] women who upheld their families with principle, courage, and practical wisdom and attribute to them their kinsmen's success and sometimes sheer survival. As evidence from the other end is a letter that Gu Ruopu, a seventeenth-century matriarch and poet, wrote to her sons, in which she asserts "every fiber and every grain that this family owns are the fruits of my industry and hardship over several decades" and offers household instructions with indisputable authority (chapter 9). Always keeping in mind the assertiveness and authority of a matriarch like Gu and the deep admiration and emotion shown in the three biographies by the male elite will help us understand the recognition of women's functions and contributions in Confucian ethics and put in the right perspective the alternative means of self-fulfillment for Chinese women that is abundantly featured in the same volume. In its broad representation of alternative value systems, multiple voices in a single author or text, and formerly ignored populations and practices, the book offers an excellent sampling of the recent research agendas in Chinese women's history. Religion provides a prime example of the areas where the discovery and celebration of diversity and multiplicity are the order of the day. The two Daoist and Buddhist hagiographies (chapters 1, 2) and a rare extant autobiography of a Buddhist laywoman (chapter 8) set religious salvation above and against the obligations of family life. These voices of discontent form a contrast with the biographies by Luo Rufang and Zhang Xuecheng (chapters 6, 14), which either suggest a possible resolution of the conflict within the domestic context or insinuate highly ambiguous meanings of religion for contented Chinese mothers and wives. Besides religious and spiritual cultivation, communities such as poetry societies are shown as providing women with strong intellectual and emotional support beyond the kinship network (chapters 11, 12), and literary authorship creates an illusory world in which a frustrated woman of talent seeks communion with former worthies (chapter 16). Romantic love is likewise shown to be in a position to contend with family relationships, as suggested by the contrasting treatments of love letters and family letters in the seventeenth-century epistolary...

Over the past three decades, the production of historical scholarship on non-European world regions has shown that history’s global turn allows us to place the histories of Europe and its white settler societies into a revised frame of reference. We no longer privilege the traits distinctive to those countries as the sole indicators for what to expect to happen in other places as cultural, economic, political, and social connections become thicker and more entwined across the world. The importance of Europeans teaching others all that is needed to become modern has also been qualified by the discovery in other world regions of practices and sensibilities once thought to be unique to Europeans. Chinese history has been one site where efforts at reframing Europe’s economic rise have been mounted through what Kenneth Pomeranz famously labeled the “Great Divergence” (The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy [2000]). Tonio Andrade’s The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History is an engaging recent contribution to this literature. Andrade’s focus is on China’s military history. His book is organized into four parts framed by an introduction and a conclusion. The four chapters of part I, “Chinese Beginnings,” situate the development and uses of gunpowder in Chinese history; the five chapters of part II, “Europe Gets the Gun,” shift the focus to Europe and the development of gunpowder technologies, ending with the confrontations between Chinese and Portuguese forces in 1521–1522. Part III, “An Age of Parity,” moves in six chapters from the developments of European cannon and military organization through drill and discipline to the use of muskets in East Asia. Part IV, “The Great Military Divergence,” opens with a chapter on the Opium War, which is followed by separate chapters considering different nineteenth-century periods of Chinese military modernization. This richly researched analysis begins with a discussion of early modern Chinese military history with key contrasts to European practices. This prepares the reader for the author’s account of China’s nineteenth-century military reform efforts, his assessment of their successes and limitations, and his concluding ruminations on the possible future of military conflict between China and the West.

Reviewed by: Women in China: The Republican Period in Historical Perspective Lisa Fischler (bio) Mechthild Leutner and Nicola Spakowski , editors. Women in China: The Republican Period in Historical Perspective. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005. 511 pp. Paperback $59.95, ISBN 3-8258-8147-4. Challenging the conceptual categories conventionally employed by scholars to understand Republican-Era China becomes increasingly important as "modern Chinese history … drifts away from that one [i.e., that history] figuring the centrality of the nation-state toward one where 'structural tension, spatial fragmentation, temporal duality, and unintended consequences, along with unsuspected links of continuity' becomes more common" (p. 474).1 Women in China accomplishes this task through its exploration of diverse Chinese women's experiences during this tumultuous period of the early twentieth century. Divided into six substantive sections preceded by a detailed introduction, this edited volume contains eighteen in-depth glimpses into the theoretical and empirical issues involved in gendering modern China, especially during the Republican period. By laying out, in exquisite starkness, the multifarious obstacles facing scholars who not only question the "modernist hypothesis" when applied to China but also struggle to put women on the Chinese historiographer's agenda, this book offers key insights into the parallel circumstances of female sinologists and women in China that will be valued in the fields of China studies, comparative gender research, and feminist studies. Following an introductory overview chapter, the first section, "Questions of Theory and Methodology," contains three chapters that challenge conventional periodizations of China's Republican period, American and European feminist perspectives on Chinese women, and the fit of women's studies research within the field of modern China studies more broadly. Perhaps the most critical appraisal of American and European feminist views and conclusions about women in China, the chapter by Hsiung Ping-chen convincingly reminds us that modernity, in the guise of twentieth-century liberal capitalist conceptual categories, is not the only context in which women become active, vibrant contributors to their own empowerment. In China's Republican period, women and men-for a true gender analysis would focus on both-have much in common with Chinese women and men in premodern times through their struggles to overcome socio-cultural injustice. The remaining two chapters in the first section serve as bridges between the modern-era past and the reform-era present. Yeh Wen-hsin in her chapter establishes very valid political reasons for the continued insistence by Chinese reformers and intellectuals on Chinese women gaining autonomy in both the 1920s through the 1930s and the 1950s through the 1970s. Whether fighting communism [End Page 197] (i.e., the KMT) or capitalism (i.e., the CCP), ruling regimes were caught in a political catch-22 in which they strongly professed women's liberation while also limiting it. Mechthild Leutner's contribution finishes out the section by documenting the "bringing women back in" to modern Chinese history by elaborating on the barriers to further incorporation of a gender perspective in this academic field, and by suggesting methods to improve on the existing state of the discipline. Leutner's most provocative strategy involves the tactical commingling of scholars and practitioners to accomplish their mutual empowerment. The next section, "Women and the State / Women and the Nation," contains four chapters that show the empirical validity of the theoretical insights offered by Hsiung, Yeh, and Leutner. According to Gotelind Müller, the fitting of feminism into the early twentieth century anarchist movement was no better than the fit of women's studies within Chinese history. Among the significant number of sources consulted by Müller, only He Zhen stands out as the sole female author. So, while Chinese anarchism remained loyal to a "genealogy of ideas" that supported women's liberation, the practices of the movement's primarily male feminists remained more focused on the overturning of the customary family structure. This conclusion is reminiscent of Hsiung's suggestion that gender analysis in modern Chinese history ought to emphasize struggles against human inequity in general, rather than inequity only against women. Chapters by Louise Edwards, Nicola Spakowski, and Helen Praeger Young in the same section explore the ambiguities facing women under conditions of militarization and war...

Six of the selections in this issue of Chinese Sociology and Anthropology review questions pertinent to the role of women in contemporary Chinese society. The first two selections, "The Working Women's Struggle Against Confucianism in Chinese History" and "Struggle for the Thorough Liberation of Women," treat the historical conditions that set the stage for the liberation of women. The next two selections, "Mao Tse-tung Thought Guides Us Women to March Forever Forward" and "Strive to Train Women Cadres," deal with women in contemporary leadership roles and proffer a role-model for women's emulation. "Women In the Villages Are a Great Revolutionary Force" shifts the focus from leadership roles to the multifarious productive roles women have assumed in rural settings, the obstacles to assumption of major productive roles by women, and the conditions in the late sixties that led to a greater role for China's rural women. "Men and Women Should Receive Equal Pay for Equal Work" and "How to Bring About Equal Pay for Equal Work for Men and Women" pinpoint one source of conflict that continued to plague full sexual equality among rural laborers—discrimination in the relocation of work points. The final selection, "Continually Consolidate the Socialist Battle-ground in the Villages," though superficially an example of role-model literature, provides a context for the articles on women in rural work by describing, in detailed form, the sources of bourgeois behavior in rural work settings. We hope our readers will find these articles both of intrinsic interest and of research value for the light they shed on rural social relations, particularly between the sexes.

Reviewed by: A Protestant Church in Communist China: Moore Memorial Church Shanghai, 1949–1989 by John Craig William Keating Franklin J. Woo (bio) John Craig William Keating. A Protestant Church in Communist China: Moore Memorial Church Shanghai, 1949–1989. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2012. xii + 303 pp. Hardcover $85.00, isbn 978-1-61146-090-2. John Craig William Keating began learning Chinese at the age of eleven. He was with the first group of his university in Australia to study Chinese in Nanjing in 1982 and now holds an MA in Chinese studies and a PhD in Chinese history. He has lived and worked in China, traveling widely and visiting every province and autonomous region in the country, including more than 120 cities. He mentions that his wife is “Shanghainese” (p. 28), and they have four daughters (p. ix). Their home is in Melbourne, Australia, where Keating has taught Chinese language and history in private schools for almost thirty years. A Protestant Church in China is his historical study of one urban church in China, the Moore Memorial Church (MMC) in Shanghai, a project that has occupied him for more than a decade. This book required traveling, researching archival materials, and interviewing people who have had relationships with the MMC in China, the United States, and elsewhere. Keating has copiously read decades of books, journals, and many church publications on China. “What I am concerned with in this work,” Keating writes, “is not so much a study of the church itself, but rather what the church and the people involved in it can tell us about China. An in-depth study of this church can reflect more broadly on the nature of the relationship between Christian church and the government in China” (p. 3, emphasis added by reviewer). In short, his book is about churchstate relations in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), a communist country. Keating researched archival material, both institutional and personal, much of which, he repeatedly claims, has never been seen by others (pp. 6, 7, 225). His contacts were face-to-face interviews, telephone conversations, faxes, or e-mails—all done between 1999 and 2006. Though the MMC dates its humble beginning to the year 1887, the bulk of Keating’s data is from 1921, when Sidney (1889–1978) and Olive (1890–1978) Anderson arrived as new missionaries of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The Andersons are seen as the central leadership of the MMC, with its dynamic program of Christian nurture and social concerns, for the next three decades. Under the ethos of the International Settlement of Shanghai, a virtual Western paradise and also the headquarters of Protestant missions in China, their work went well. The social involvement and national consciousness of the MMC are represented by the Reverend Anderson testifying against the British police after the incident of May 30, 1925. The police had fired on a student crowd, killing ten people who were demonstrating in response to a Japanese cotton mill labor dispute. This incident resulted in the Japanese murder of the Chinese labor organizer. [End Page 281] The smooth operation of the MMC was interrupted by the Japanese encroachment on China, with refugees pouring into the safety of the International Settlement, thus intensifying the relief work of the MMC. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the Japanese invasion that conquered much of the eastern shore of China, including Shanghai, changed the situation considerably for the MMC. Sidney was among the Westerners imprisoned by the Japanese army; Olive and their children had already departed for America. The main focus of the book, however, is the Communist period, which includes the three Maoist decades of revolutionary fervor (1949–1979) to the period of Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms and disclosures of the country to the world (1979–1989), with implications for present-day China. In the four decades of the MMC’s history, Keating provides scores of names of Chinese and Western church workers related to the MMC as well as a wide assortment of China specialists who had written either superficially or in-depth about China and its churches in different periods of history. From these writers...

Reviews 137 Emily Honig, editor. Chinese Women's History. Special Issue ofJournal of Women's History (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press), vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1997). 202 pp. Paperback $20.00, issn 1042-7961. This special issue oíJournal ofWomen's History covers a range oftopics, familiar and otherwise, on women in China from the sixteenth century to the present day. Its editor, Emily Honig, describes the studies that are included here as "part ofthe larger project ofliberating Chinese women's history from the terms of the revolution [the Communist Revolution of 1949] that claimed to provide their emancipation " (p. 7). All share a focus on social status, local context, and "refusing to write what might be called a history of Chinese women" (p. 7). Within this broad consensus, the essays cover a limited time period and a broad range of topics: footbinding, poetry, charitable institutions, song, and the subject ofwomen's studies itself. Most ofthe essays focus on Qing dynasty and twentieth-century China. The one exception is a study of the late sixteenth century poets Tu Yaose and Shen Tiansun. Ann Waltner and Pi-ching Hsu examine the distinct social and intellectual world of these women poets and show tiiat they used poetry to situate themselves in a very different world from the closeted "inner chambers" of "Confucian " gender segregation. Their poems to each other and to friends speak in diverse voices: loyal wives, worshippers ofGuanyin, courtesan poets, and women out of the past: the beauty Xi Shi or Wang Zhaojun. These poems allowed Tu and Shen to venture in their imagination beyond the confines oftheir lives and locate themselves within a "female tradition, ofwomen who were skilled and accomplished as well as beautiful and tragic" (p. 49). Two essays address changing representations ofwomen in Qing and twentieth -century China. In "The Body as Attire," Dorothy Ko attempts to understand die multiple meanings offootbinding. This misleadingly uniform term described practices that ranged in severity from pressing the toes toward the heel into an arch with cloth binders (therebybreaking the foot) to "wearing tight socks for a slender look" (p. 8). Ko stresses the need to avoid modern nationalist biases in nineteentii-century archival sources. She rejects the equation offootbinding with the oppression ofwomen and anti-footbinding movements with struggles for women's liberation. Drawing on Ming and Qing memorials and edicts in favor of the promotion or prohibition of footbinding, she argues that, as an honored© 1999 by University practice, footbinding symbolized Chinese wen (civility) and cultural ofHawai'i Pressadvancement, and was understood both as an adornment ofthe body and as a marker of the distinction between Han (Chinese) and Manchu. So far so good. Less persuasive is the author's suggestion that "the unanimity of condemnation in 138 China Review International: Vol. 6, No. ?, Spring 1999 modern times masks the multiplicity ofpractice and the instability ofmeaning that is the only salient truth aboutfootbinding" (p. 8, italics added). In "Female Heroes and Moonish Lovers," Su Zheng examines transformations of gender identity in the development oftwentieth-century Chinese songs: school songs, art songs, mass songs, popular songs, and the songs in film scores. (Her focus is entirely on the lyrics ofthe musical texts; there is littie or no discussion of the music.) She shows how new images ofwomen in song were related to social change in different ways. Mass songs tended to deny gender difference in favor of class uniformity. Other song types reflected imported Western ideas and practices, reintegrated elements from the Chinese historical and literary tradition, or addressed the aspirations, needs, and desires of the Chinese men who were, in fact, the authors ofmost of the lyrics. Two other essays address various aspects ofthe changing social and political status ofwomen. Ruth Rogaski examines die "Hall for Spreading Benevolence" in Tianjin, which became the largest benevolent institution for women and girls in North China. Rogaski demonstrates tensions between "Confucian rhetoric" and urban reality, and delineates the grim and complex circumstances that created a typically southern charitable institution in a northern Chinese city. She details the circumstances ofthe girls and widows (and their children) who sought shelter within it, and argues that "the hall occupied a cusp between...

During 2016-2017, there was steady and qualitative growth in Chinese history. And other regions also harvested noticeable achievements. First, the dramatic growth of the Japanese history is due to the increasing demand from the Korean society. Second, remarkable progress in Central Asian history is also noted.BR Particularly, the increase of the historical studies of exchanges between Korea and other countries or regions attracts attention. Next, subjects tend to be diversified. Interest in cultural and social history, as well as peripheral topics is also witnessed, in addition to the selection of subjects related to practical issues.BR On the other hand, signs of significant changes are detected inside. First, there is the change of generation. The entry of new researchers into the community is not so swift that we perceive uncertainty about the research environment in the future.BR Next is the rapid development of science and technology. This facilitated various research methodologies and the expansion of the scope. As well as the development of technology, combining with demand for general knowledge, prompted proliferation of papers and books. As a result, there is a tendency that the boundaries between these texts and professional books become unclear. Under these circumstances, researchers must maintain a strict verification to keep distance from amateurism.

Background. In the 20th century, Chinese literary scholars, in particular, Mao Dun, Ge Baoquan, and others, became actively interested in Lesya Ukrainka's work, which resulted in a number of translations of the writer's works into Chinese in the 1920s and 1990s. Taking into account the historical context of events in Chinese society during the 20th century, as well as analyzing the themes of the translated works of the Ukrainian poetess, the ideological prerequisites for the creation of these works were revealed. This research article focuses on the peculiarities of psycholinguistic interaction between the image of the author and the translator and analyses the impact of this interaction on the formation of a communicative link between them. In addition, the article analyses the image of women in China in the early 20th century, which allows us to identify analogies between the images of Lesia Ukrainka and the nineteenth-century Chinese poetess Qiu Jin (秋瑾，1875-1907), known for her anti-Manchu and revolutionary views. Methods. By using the imagological method and the method of contextual analysis, we analyzed the image of Lesia Ukrainka in Chinese culture, studied the historical background of its formation and the general trend of the development of the image of a woman in twentieth-century China. The historical and literary method and the method of data analysis were also used to compare the images of Lesya Ukrainka and Qiu Jin in the Chinese literary space. Results. The study found that most of Lesia Ukrainka's translations conveyed the ideas of love and longing for the country, patriotism, and the struggle for independence, which resonated with the ideological ideas of China in the 20th century and the image of an exemplary Chinese woman of that time, it was also emphasized in Soviet literary historiography (M. Zerov, S. Yefremov), which often served as a source for Chinese writers, thus forming a clichéd image of Lesya Ukrainka as a strong revolutionary fighting for the ideas of her country. Nevertheless, the kinship of Lesia Ukrainka's and Qiu Jin's creative leitmotifs, experiences and life paths complemented the already formed image of the Ukrainian writer with elements of heroism and poetry borrowed from the figure of Qiu Jin, which gave Lesia and her work in the Chinese literary environment elements of romanticism. Conclusions . In conclusion, the article is put forward that it is the association with Qiu Jin that has significantly influenced the images and symbolism of Chinese translations of Lesia Ukrainka's poetry, which requires further detailed study of the texts of translations from the point of view of the imagological aspect.

Women's magazines in modem China, a side-product of the emerging free press in the first decades of the twentieth century, provide invaluable materials for the study of Chinese women in modern era. However, their value is not a reflection of the extent of historical content in these magazines themselves, but due to the paucity of other historical sources on Chinese women. Thus, it is not surprising that the Ladies' Journal (Funu zazhi), published by Shanghai Commercial Press from 1915 to 1931, has become a critical source for modem Chinese women's history, especially for the May Fourth Movement era. It is widely accepted that the Ladies' Journal reached its apogee during the period of May Fourth Movement, which was used to validate the value this magazine as a historical source for the study of the women's liberation movement during this era. However, this assumption overlooks the two critical points: first, that the social background of a journal (such as readership or authors) can change, and, second, that any historical conclusions drawn from specific sources need to be verified by the social background of the sources themselves. Since each historical source reflects only a fraction of a whole society, the changes portrayed in one specific source cannot be extrapolated to explain the ”zeitgeist” without verifying of the continuity of its social background. This paper examines the history of the Ladies' Journal over its seventeen-year existence through its authorship, readership, publisher's attitudes, and circulation. This allows us to determine more precisely the actual value of the Ladies' Journal for the study of the women's liberation movement during the May Fourth Movement era.

Reflections on a watershed date: the 1949 divide in Chinese history / Paul A. Cohen -- Ten theses on the Chinese Revolution / Joseph W. Esherick -- Toward a Chinese feminism: a personal story / Lin Chun -- Newspapers and nationalism in rural China 1890-1929 / Henrietta Harrison -- Contours of revolutionary change in a Chinese county, 1900-1950 / R. Keith Schoppa -- Perspective on the Chinese Communist revolution / Kathleen Hartford, Steven M. Goldstein -- Suspect history and the mass line: another Yan'an Way / Chen Yung-Fa -- The Chinese language of liberation: gender and jiefang in early Chinese Communist Party discourse / Harriet Evans -- Revolutionary rudeness: the language of Red Guards and rebel workers in China's cultural Revolution / Elizabeth J. Perry, Li Xun -- Tianamen 1989: background and consequences / Marie-Claire Bergere -- The year of living anxiously: China's 1999 / Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom.

My essay traces the evolution of one of the most well-known dramas in Chinese history, the legend of Leifeng Pagoda and the White Snake. The Tale of Leifeng Pagoda was shaped in the Ming dynasty. In the original text, Leifeng Pagoda symbolized the power of Buddhism and the protagonist, Maiden White, showed lustful desire. During the Qing period, the story was rewritten. Maiden White was transformed into an ideal Confucian woman, and Leifeng Pagoda represented the bastion of Confucian and Buddhist virtues. The plot of this story still reflected the deep concern among writers from Ming to Qing for moral virtue and the rectification of ethical values. However, during the May Fourth Movement, intellectuals inveighed against feudal society and traditional Confucian morality, and Maiden White was re-written as a modern feminist's quest for true love and freedom. Besides, communist writers re-interpreted the Leifeng Pagoda’s collapse as the breakdown of feudalism and the success of proletarian revolution. My analysis of the different versions and interpretations of the Legend of the White Snake throughout late imperial and modern Chinese history shows how conceptions of morality among readers and writers during the Ming and Qing dynasties and modern Chinese intellectual ideology affected the construction, production, and dissemination of this drama.

This study has focused on studying Chinese medical history for the past 10 years (2010-2019). There has been no overall introduction to how the study of Chinese medical history has been carried out so far in Korea. To understand the trend for the recent 10 years, understanding of the period before that is needed. This study had classified the study trend of Chinese medical history from the 1950s when the study of Chinese medical history started in full swing until the last 10 years into the following three periods: First period: internal study period on Chinese medical history (the 1950s-1980s) Second period: external study period on Chinese medical history (the 1980s-1990s) Third period: diverse study period on Chinese medical history through integration and communication (2010-2019) There can be an opinion that various studies by each period have not been adequately reflected, and the classification has been excessively simplified. For example, the internal study has been considerably performed in the second period, and the consciousness of conflict between the internal study and external study remains in the third period. Nonetheless, the keywords that connote each period's characteristics for the past 70 years are considered the keywords presented above. The study of Chinese medical history has mainly placed importance on the modern times. Indeed, no change has been present as well. However, the fact that the study on the Chinese pre-modern medical history in Korean academia for the past 10 years has quantitatively grown from just a comparison of the number of papers can be identified. Also, the researchers and study themes have been confirmed to be diversified. In the past, ancient Chinese medicine was understood as a connection between Taoism and medicine. The environmental history researchers dealt with the connection between natural disasters and diseases, and just a few studies in the fields of medicinal herb distribution and the viewpoint of the body were carried out. Meanwhile, studies from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty were carried out based on new data such as the archaeological relics and bamboo and wooden slips in the Korean academia for the past 10 years. Discovering new data is undoubtedly a driving force to activate studies. Studies on the Tang Dynasty Medical System and laws based on 'Chunsungryeong' are significant achievements connecting the Qin Dynasty & Han Dynasty and the Song Dynasty & Yuan Dynasty. Identification of each period's medical system in medical history is the most essential thing, and the combination of environment and medical history is conducted. It is significant to examine medical history from the viewpoint of the academic disciplines' integration. Approaching medical history from the female viewpoint has already started in the U.S., Europe, and Taiwan, and it is nice that such a study has been conducted in Korean academia. There are not many researchers on Chinese medical history in Korean academia. As several researchers have led the study, the study's concentration on specific periods or specific themes cannot be denied. The integration of systematic research achievements from the pre-Qin Dynasty until the Qing Dynasty is still minimal. Specifically, the study on pre-modern medical history targets a more extensive period than the study on modern medical history; therefore, researchers' density is low. This is why the possibility of intersection is not high in the period, region, and theme between researchers. This can be the source of an evaluation that study on medical history chain is sparse. It is wistful that the study continuity or systematic research is lacking. To overcome such a limitation, existing researchers need to conduct collaborative joint planning and research centered on particular themes through cooperation. They need to complement the study's sparse part in medical history through multidisciplinary co-research. Beyond the research centered on country study history, attempts to understand history as global history are being carried out. Studies on the exchange and interrelations between Western medicine and Chinese medicine have been performed in Chinese medical history. Nonetheless, studies on the exchange and interrelations of medical knowledge, medical systems, medicinal herbs, medical books, medical workforce, and diseases (epidemics) from global history are insufficient. Studies on a medical history that started from Chinese science and technology development history in the 1950s are developing to discuss one theme diversely. Plenty of studies on Chinese medical history need to be performed in various fields, including environmental history, the history of women, archeology, humanities, humanities therapy, integrated medical humanities, medical literature, medical theory, and medical system, which are the traditional fields.

The Women's Liberation Movement and the Politics of Class in Britain

Hoshi Ayao: The Ming tribute grain system. Translated by Mark Elvin. (Michigan Abstracts of Chinese and Japanese Works on Chinese History, No. 1.) [vi], iv, 112 pp. [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Center for Chinese Studies], 1969. - Shiba Yoshinobu: Commerce and society in Sung China. Translated by Mark Elvin. (Michigan Abstracts of Chinese and Japanese Works on Chinese History,

When the ethical view for women in Confucianism is typified by the principle that “three follow the road,” there is no wonder that men’s predominance of women should be regarded as obligatory in China. The stereotype that women have to be barred from official society and kept imprisoned in their homes has thoroughly penetrated the country. However, Chinese women have presented the impression that they are powerful. The most striking examples are Lu Zhi, Wu Zetian, and Empress Dowager Cixi, who wielded their authority over the country as empresses after their husbands’ deaths. Considering that they are real figures in Chinese history, the fact of powerful women in China cannot be altogether impossible. Now there is a contradiction that some autocratic empresses, without parallel in the world, have existed in the history of a country that has always valued the ideology of women’s subjection to men. An opinion should be that “the differences called sexual difference cannot be applied to all men and women. Rather, this difference is meaningful only when comparing the nature of men and women as groups, that is, at the statistical level,” and the same can be applied to the way Chinese women live. It should be understood that not all women in China were oppressed and that some of them could hold the reins of power, depending on their ages and status. Focusing on maritime history especially reveals the limitations of the stereotype that Chinese women were supposed to be driven out of official roles and oppressed in homes. Take, for example, the pirates who were active on the South China coast, where some communities had members who lived their whole lives aboard ships without landing. Ching Yih Saou the most famous female pirate in Chinese maritime history, was active from the end of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century. The aim of this paper is very innovative. Judith Butler, in forwarding a different position from sex–gender dualism, argues that human beings can exhibit the characteristics of men and women without reference to physical difference. This paper adopts Butler’s theory and reveals that Ching Yih Saou is a picture of it. First, this paper follows up on her activities in Yuan Yung-lun's Ching hai-fen chi as a primary source and then deconstructs sexual identities of masculinity or femininity by considering Ching Yih Saou’s life as an example of Butler’s theory.