The ground trembling under our feet : truth, politics and solitude.

Recently, fake news has been widely spread through the Internet due to the increased use of social media for communication. Fake news has become a significant concern due to its harmful impact on individual attitudes and the community’s behavior. Researchers and social media service providers have commonly utilized artificial intelligence techniques in the recent few years to rein in fake news propagation. However, fake news detection is challenging due to the use of political language and the high linguistic similarities between real and fake news. In addition, most news sentences are short, therefore finding valuable representative features that machine learning classifiers can use to distinguish between fake and authentic news is difficult because both false and legitimate news have comparable language traits. Existing fake news solutions suffer from low detection performance due to improper representation and model design. This study aims at improving the detection accuracy by proposing a deep ensemble fake news detection model using the sequential deep learning technique. The proposed model was constructed in three phases. In the first phase, features were extracted from news contents, preprocessed using natural language processing techniques, enriched using n-gram, and represented using the term frequency–inverse term frequency technique. In the second phase, an ensemble model based on deep learning was constructed as follows. Multiple binary classifiers were trained using sequential deep learning networks to extract the representative hidden features that could accurately classify news types. In the third phase, a multi-class classifier was constructed based on multilayer perceptron (MLP) and trained using the features extracted from the aggregated outputs of the deep learning-based binary classifiers for final classification. The two popular and well-known datasets (LIAR and ISOT) were used with different classifiers to benchmark the proposed model. Compared with the state-of-the-art models, which use deep contextualized representation with convolutional neural network (CNN), the proposed model shows significant improvements (2.41%) in the overall performance in terms of the F1score for the LIAR dataset, which is more challenging than other datasets. Meanwhile, the proposed model achieves 100% accuracy with ISOT. The study demonstrates that traditional features extracted from news content with proper model design outperform the existing models that were constructed based on text embedding techniques.

Fake news, Post-Truth are now entries into the ordinary language of contemporary politics to denote - with anxiety and concern - the definitive rupture of the relationship between truth and politics. A relationship that has never been idyllic and that cannot be, constitutively, idyllic, but which now seems to have reached a point of no return. Glossing the reflections of Hannah Arendt in Truth and Politics and pointing out two areas of “political licence” - that is, two areas where, inevitably, politics cannot be judged on parameters of truth - this contribution aims to treat the weakness of shared truths not as a cause of the crisis of democracies, but as a symptom of a more radical problem, an extreme subjectivism that leads to loneliness and intolerance towards any relationship based on trust.

This article outlines political symbolism and language in the 2019 election in Indonesia and aims to situate fake news narratives within them. By analysing official election campaign posters (spanduk), it is argued that Islam and nationalism are the only ideological references and are applied by both camps, leaving no room for other forms of ideological contestation. The article suggests understanding this phenomenon as a hegemonic, Gramscian ‘common sense’ which creates a notion of unity of the nation. This unity, however, is disturbed by hoaxes as in fake news. But instead of referring to hoaxes only as a threat to Indonesian politics, we argue that hoaxes are an integral part of the ‘common sense’. Hoaxes are a means to make the ideological framework of Islam and nationalism accessible for the popular masses, applying a kasar (rough) approach, contradicting the halus (soft) language of the political elite. They are also inevitably a means to create the impression that the camps are distinct. As hoaxes refer to the constitutive outside of the nationalism-Islam complex (as Islamists suggest that Jokowi has ties to the outlawed Communist Party or that Prabowo aims to establish an Islamic state, for instance), they serve the function of maintaining the ideological order in post-New Order Indonesia.

This research examines the language politics carried out in handling fake news discourse through French and Indonesian online media platforms. As the internet-based communication has grown significantly in number, variety, quality and speed, making it also ideal to the fake news spread, then it requires certain language policy strategies to mitigate their destructive effect. The data of this research uses archives of online media articles, and related government websites in recent years in both countries, to look for the most recent discussions which are related to the discourse of handling fake news. Government and media discourses related to this matter are also highlighted. All the data is classified and analysed using the conceptual framework of language politics from Robert L Cooper. Since the nature of the research delves with discourses, it will be crucial to consider the discourse analysis method that refers to the critical and post-structural paradigms. Consequently, interdiscursivity and intertextuality are used as the main tools in the methodology of data analysis. As the result of this study, it shows that solid and consistent legal instruments have positive implications for maintaining journalistic quality in fighting fake news. The fake news strategy is also found in the narratives made by the authorities, but the terminologies given are different from the lexical labels to the discourse of political opponents in the public sphere. France and Indonesia utilise distinct strategies in addressing online media fake news.

The term 'fake news' became a buzzword during Donald Trump's presidency, yet it is a term that means very different things to different people. This pioneering book provides a comprehensive examination of what Americans mean when they talk about fake news in contemporary politics, mass media, and societal discourse, and explores the various factors that contribute to this, such as the power of language, political parties, ideology, media, and socialization. By analysing a range of case studies across war, political corruption, climate change, conspiracy theories, electoral politics, and the Covid-19 pandemic, it demonstrates how fake news is a fundamentally contested phenomenon, and how its meaning varies depending on the person using the term, and the political context. It provides readers with tools to identify, talk about, and resist fake news, and emphasizes a need for education reform with an eye toward promoting critical thinking and information literacy.

This article deals with the question about the conditions for someone to call something ‘fake news’. It examines cases in which something is called fake news and analyses these cases from an ordinary language point of view as speech acts. Doing so, the analysis explains fake news as the expression of a dissent. The analysis avoids problems of recent attempts to provide a definition of fake news and argues against the view that fake news belong to a so-called post-truth era. The conclusion of the article is that it is not possible to call something fake news without having unyielding convictions about the truth.

"Emilie Prattico has used the lens of a discourse-theoretic conception of deliberative democracy to engage eight prominent colleagues in stimulating interviews. They critically illuminate the various ways that a sound democratic regime depends upon the deliberative milieu of an inclusive public sphere." - Jürgen Habermas The continued rise of populism and authoritarianism throughout the world has witnessed an alarming attack on basic democratic freedoms and led to a divided political and social world. Few thinkers have done as much as Jürgen Habermas to understand and critique these problems, perhaps most famously through his notions of the public sphere, deliberative democracy, and discourse ethics. In this fascinating book, Emilie Prattico considers the crisis of democracy from a Habermasian standpoint via engaging interviews with an outstanding lineup of leading philosophers and thinkers. The following key topics are unpacked and explored: Can some basic rights and liberties be given up to safeguard democracy? With Hauke Brunkhorst How does actual deliberation confer legitimacy to democratic decisions? With Cristina Lafont Why is "fake news" a crisis of democracy? With Michael Lynch How can we build a public sphere together and share it in a world characterized by divisiveness and tribalism? With Barbara Fultner Can democracy survive without the voice of experts? With Kenneth Baynes How dangerous are the current forms of authoritarianism we are seeing take hold all over the world? With María Pía Lara What does the public sphere look like with new technologies? With Gertrud Koch What duties do we owe descendants of slaves and how do we reckon with our antidemocratic and oppressive past? With Lorenzo Simpson Also including a Foreword by Habermas himself, this book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the challenges facing democracy and liberalism today. It will be of great interest to those in philosophy, sociology, and politics as well as related fields such as religion and law.

<p><em>Indonesian </em><em>Ministry of Communication and Information</em><em> </em><em>stated in 2017 that it had blocked 800 thousand harmful contents, including hoax (</em><em>fake </em><em>news). However, Masyarakat Telematika (Mastel)</em><em> </em><em>Indonesia reported the results of a survey</em><em> </em><em>in 2019</em><em> that</em><em> there were 34.60% of respondents received hoax</em><em> </em><em>every day. Hoaxes will have implications for harmony in society and are even very vulnerable to riots. </em><em>This study </em><em>u</em><em>s</em><em>es</em><em> a qualitative </em><em>method</em><em> with a literature review design</em><em> t</em><em>hat study the analogy </em><em>between hadith and posts</em><em> of Internet users that are both news or information. Hadith is information from the Prophet p.b.u.h., while posting is information that comes from Internet users. Based on this it is important to see the scholars of hadith in conveying, accepting the hadith, and including it in their respective books. To find out whether or not a hadith is correct, rawi examines sanad and matan</em><em> </em><em>hadith. In the hadith science, the study of the hadith discussed in the science of rijalul hadith. In rijalul, this post will be examined on how to explore the </em><em>content</em><em> </em><em>of </em><em>the Internet media. Of course, </em><em>this</em><em> is </em><em>in accordance with</em><em> the indicators</em><em> (</em><em>adl</em><em>, dhabit, </em><em>ittishal al-</em><em>sanad, </em><em>bighayr </em><em>illat, and </em><em>bighayr</em><em> syadz)</em><em> in the science of rijalul hadith, and the perspective of </em><em>Al-Quran</em><em> will be examined</em><em>.</em><em> </em><em>Rijalul Posting is divided into two; al-urwah date account (how to clarify posts by looking at the identity and account history) and al-jarh wa ta'dil content account (how to clarify posts). Indicators used: fair information, date of posting, clear source, complete, and polite language. Thus, these posts can be shared on websites or social media.</em></p>

This article is a research report on the perception of hoax among the Indonesian academic community. Hoax is ancient, but in the present digital age, it sneaks into the center stage. Reflecting upon the global trends and shifting of international political landscape, it appears that hoax and its troops, e.g. “false news,” “alternative facts,” “disinformation,” etc. – immersed into the political language and practice. It may corroborate with the condition of “post-truth society” lamented by some scholars, in particular when it echoed in the present Indonesian political and religious landscape. The research focuses on hoax in general, and to introduce a term “hoaxtivism” in framing specific practice revolved in producing and consuming “hoax” as a signifier. We gauge the conversation on hoax within academic community, and locate it in the larger social process. The objective is to understand hoax and hoaxtivism beyond the moralistic evaluation and alarmist position, as overwhelmingly displayed in the public discussion.

The relationship between historical narratives and film is one that regularly gives rise to a debate about fidelity or authenticity because of a perceivable ‘interplay’ of fact and fiction that fulfils an agenda. From the release of D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation, this debate has evolved around accusations of lies and affirmations of truth from the public, from civil and censorship bodies, religious figures and the director himself. In a review of audience reception of a dramatised lecture about the film in its centenary year, this chapter argues that there is a strong perception of the film as ‘false history’, with a view that it should not be banned from public exhibition but instead used in a critical context to educate and inform. Contemporary culture and politics, also, raise similar debates, particularly over the phenomenon of ‘fake news’. The chapter then reviews Griffith’s promotion of his film in 1915 in the light of current views on fake news and identifies some remarkable parallels between them. It is concluded that Birth offers us one tool by which to promote media literacy and critical thinking in the world of digital communications.

Fake news generated nowadays broad debates. The spread of fake news intertwines with the phenomenon of populism and the crisis of democracy. Indeed, the cornerstone of democracy, the freedom of public opinion, is the assumption that authenticity of facts is not altered. The separation of opinions from facts as the basis of democratic participation in political scene is the emblematic position of Hannah Arendt. But If it is acceptable that fake news must be countered by correct realism, we must be aware of the mutual implication of both terms at stake: subjects and reality. What is the real of fake news?

In communicating, there are people who everyday use polite, ordinary, even rude or sarcastic language, one of which includes speakers of the Sumawa language in Labuhan Burung Village. This study was conducted to determine the maxims of politeness that occur in Samawa language speakers in Labuhan Burung Village. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with tapping and recording techniques. Then the data obtained is transcribed, then data reduction and display are carried out. The results of this study contained 6 data on compliance with the maxim of politeness in language, and 4 data on violation of the maxim of politeness in language. There is 1 data each on the maxim of wisdom, the maxim of generosity, the maxim of simplicity, the maxim of consensus, and the maxim of sympathy. As for the violation of the maxim of politeness in language, only four data were found, in the form of a violation of the maxim of consensus, a violation of the maxim of sympathy, a violation of the maxim of appreciation, and a violation of the maxim of generosity. The results of this study indicate that in the Labuhan Burung village community, the observance of the maxim of politeness in language is still more dominant than the violation of the maxim of politeness in language.

In communicating, there are people who everyday use polite, ordinary, even rude or sarcastic language, one of which includes speakers of the Sumawa language in Labuhan Burung Village. This study was conducted to determine the maxims of politeness that occur in Samawa language speakers in Labuhan Burung Village. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with tapping and recording techniques. Then the data obtained is transcribed, then data reduction and display are carried out. The results of this study contained 6 data on compliance with the maxim of politeness in language, and 4 data on violation of the maxim of politeness in language. There is 1 data each on the maxim of wisdom, the maxim of generosity, the maxim of simplicity, the maxim of consensus, and the maxim of sympathy. As for the violation of the maxim of politeness in language, only four data were found, in the form of a violation of the maxim of consensus, a violation of the maxim of sympathy, a violation of the maxim of appreciation, and a violation of the maxim of generosity. The results of this study indicate that in the Labuhan Burung village community, the observance of the maxim of politeness in language is still more dominant than the violation of the maxim of politeness in language.

When the conditions are right, there are ideas and concepts that ignite and burn with such intensity that they outshine any others of the same time period. Fake News in Contemporary Science and Politics presents a very good example of what its author, Keith Moser, describes as infodemic, “or the increasing inability of a large segment of the population to distinguish between reality and its ubiquitous misrepresentation on a plethora of divergent screens.” In this context, the current volume is meant to send a wake-up call regarding the consequences of this constant transmission of information ad infinitum that may affect our existence on this planet and even lead to a misinterpretation of democracy and its basic grasp on reality.

In a journalistic moment like ours, that is, rife with conspiracy theories, one-sided political coverage, and outright fake news—that is, real fake news, not the honest reporting that Donald Trump clumsily tries to dismiss as “fake news”—it may surprise some people to realize that the best, most professional mainstream media outlets are more committed than ever to telling the truth. In recent decades, those outlets have suffered attack from all sides: from the right for allegedly harboring a liberal bias; from the left for “he said, she said” stories that let falsehood share the stage with truth; and from high-minded critics of all types for dwelling on political strategy and image more than policy substance. In response, these organizations have developed and strengthened practices to ensure correct and informative coverage. Thus as the perils of superficiality and errancy have grown, so too have the strictures designed to safeguard accuracy. One of the most visible of these new practices is fact-checking—not the kind famously performed by sharp-penciled New Yorker staffers (“internal” fact-checking) but the kind made famous by FactCheck.org, PolitiFact, and the Washington Post's Fact Checker. Born during the presidency of George W. Bush, these entities, along with sporadic features in other news outlets, scrutinize the claims of public officials to judge their veracity. For audiences lost in today's vast, disorienting Medialand, these features provide a needed compass—thoughtful, well-reported accounts of where dubious-sounding factoids came from, how much truth or falsehood they contain, and the context necessary to assess them beyond the Pinocchio noses or rating on the Truth-o-Meter. In Deciding What's True: The Rise of Political Fact-Checking in American Journalism, Lucas Graves, an assistant professor of journalism and mass communication at the University of Wisconsin, provides a first-rate history and sociology of these new watchdogs, helping to make sense of their role in the contemporary media ecosystem. Well-researched, carefully argued, and lucidly written, Deciding What's True does an excellent job of sorting out the messy questions of truth and falsehood, fact and opinion, in contemporary politics and journalism.