The globalisation of a Brazilian cattle corporation: from developmentalism to financialisation

Aim:In 1988, Brazil implemented profound changes in the organization and financing of its public health system, with the creation of the Unified Health System (Sistema Unico de Saúde – SUS), establishing universal health coverage. The gradual expansion of the health system and entitlements to services has been accompanied by the debate about the appropriate level of government spending and health system efficiency. Design / Research methods: The study uses VRS - output oriented, Dynamic Network SBM DEA model, period 2008-2013, to depict the relationships that take place between diverse levels of care (primary health care/PHC and secondary-tertiary health care/STC). DMUs are Brazilian state capitals, which implement key health policies and assist patients from smaller surrounding municipalities, especially for STC. Inputs are PHC and STC budgets; outputs are their respective services provided and avoidable deaths. The link variable is PHC medical consultation, entrance door to the system and gatekeeper for more complex levels of care. Dynamic model evaluates efficiency across time. Conclusions / findings:Overall performance was 0.86; for PHC, 0.90; for STC, 0.85 (SD=0.15). 8 out of 27 capitals were fully efficient. Capitals increased average scores in both levels of care, but only STC had a positive technological change (frontier shift >1). Link variable behavior denotes a bottleneck between levels of care. Projections onto the frontier enable establish own management diagnosis and goals for financing and development. Originality / value of the article: Network models mimic hierarchically organized health systems. The appliance of results aids health policy.

Faced with the major health crisis of the century – Coronavirus Disease (COVID19) Pandemic, we could see two waves installing in society: incredulity and fear. This issue was politicized several times and the vast amount of scientific publications made the discussion very controversial and consequently society became more and more confused and insecure. Brasilia - the Capital of Brazil, is the heart of the country, it is centrally located and therefore politically strategic. It was one of the first places in Brazil to spread, under public decree, radical measures of social isolation (such as closing schools, colleges, commerce, and other public places) in mid March / 2020. Only the so-called “essential activities” continued working. When such measures were adopted, the city had just over 50 confirmed cases of COVID19. Concerns about the pandemic moved the entire local health care assistance, with homeric financial investments by hospitals with massive testing for Coronavirus and a reduction in the number of elective surgeries (important profit providers). The Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, traditionally considered to be a very vulnerable space, gained special focus and numerous efforts were designed to make it virtually a COVID19 free area. The view of doctors during this period was also very heterogeneous, and it varied between fearlessness and major worry. Finding a balance and offering a safe environment for carrying out the procedures proved to be a great challenge, whose building still occurs daily until today. Despite being a hard social, political and economic moment, it would not be appropriate to shoot all over the place like a war. The elaboration of new protocols, periodically reviewed and modified, was carried out based on intense involvement and collaborative works by the Hospital Coordination, the Infectious Diseases Specialists, doctors and multidisciplinary team. The Good Practices policies published periodically by the Medical Societies of Infectious Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplant guided our local protocols. Among the main measures adopted are the testing of patients and caregivers with PCR lab test to check the coronavirus infection before hospitalization, the prohibition of visitors and the use of reverse vestments (use of cloaks, gloves, caps and masks), which although controversial, was used to potentially reduce the risk of coronavirus transmission by asymptomatic health professionals. In addition, daily screening of respiratory symptoms was applied to all caregivers and employees of the unit, in order to identify suspected cases and keep them away before contact with patients. Such measures were crucial to the excellent results achieved and to strengthen the medical teams trust in the hospital logistic and support. According to data published by the Brazilian Organ Transplant Association - ABTO, in the first half of 2020, 31 transplants were performed in two institutions that predominantly receive public institutions patients (3 allogeneic and 28 autologous) and 23 transplants in the private services (18 autologous and 5 allogeneic) - represented by two private hospitals in Brasília1. The peak of the pandemic occurred in July and August 2020, with periods of significant overload in the hospital structure in the public and private sectors. The depletion of resources caused by the pandemic associated with previous institutional issues have compromised the care of adult patients who are candidates for BMT from public services. This fact generated an important patient demand for centers in other regions of the country associated with an increase in the obstacles of moving and welcoming these patients in the pandemic scenario. In private practice, there was a strong and well-structured work-ethic, which allowed the program to continue without impairing the quality of care or the expected outcomes. To date, we have had no cases of death by COVID19 in the scenario of bone marrow transplantation in Brasília, reflecting the efforts and protocols previously mentioned. At this moment, we are experiencing a significant reduction in the number of COVID19 cases in Brasilia, making it possible to observe an increase in the number of patients undergoing transplant procedures. This fact reflects the postponement of treatment of non-urgent cases in the previous three months. After six months of Pandemic, it is essential to recognize the strong presence of the spirit of cooperation, tolerance and patience that has been installed in all the scenarios that permeate the BMT, associated with the relevant growth of all involved. The “new normal” is uncomfortable because it is characterized by restrictions imposed by the pandemic and not by our choices and preferences, but above all it symbolizes our ability to adapt and to have resilience. We are important characters in this memorable historical period, and we carry the desire to continue pulsating in the heart of Brazil.

Three basic themes played indispensable roles in Reinhold Niebuhr’s engagements with economic issues: (1) the foundational importance of a theological anthropology for his critical assessment of complex social, economic, and political issues; (2) his focus on two clashing theories of economic order: Adam’s Smith’s doctrine of laissez-faire capitalism and Karl Marx’s revolutionary vision for the collective ownership of property within a centralized state system; and (3) his endorsement of a realistic yet viable alternative to these two classic theories, one that involved pragmatic and incremental steps toward fostering economic justice through the public regulation and oversight of a free-market economy. These pragmatic measures included allocating government resources for vitally important public goods and services at federal, state, and local levels. Though Niebuhr was initially drawn to some form of democratic socialism, he embraced this incremental strategy within the context of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s implementation of his New Deal agenda. My analysis of Niebuhr’s contributions concludes with attention to new challenges confronting contemporary quests for economic justice in a post–New Deal era, one marked Soundings, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2012 Copyright © 2012 The Pennsylvania state University, University Park, Pa di sc us sio n diussion

In this article we ask a series of related research questions concerning China's recent industrial policies, particularly the 10th and 11th five‐year economic policy plans. Our questions go to the nature of China's long‐term competitiveness of its national champions, and to what extent Chinese government policies are evolving to domestic protectionism that adversely affects foreign invested enterprises' (FIEs) competitive position in the Chinese economy. We thus evaluate the nature of the five‐year economic policy plans, their adverse impact on FIEs operating in China, and the rise of designated Chinese national champions (in the 11th five‐year economic policy plan) to compete with major FIEs on a global scale. However, we suggest that the role of the Chinese government's recent industrial policy, when compared to Michael Porter's “Diamond of National Competitive Advantage” recommended government policy approaches, may not augur well in the long‐term for China's national champions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In conclusion, the prevalence of industrial policies in the world is noted, not only for catch-up by late-industrialisers but also developed economies responding to the challenges of the covid epidemic, global warming, wealth inequality and low productivity growth, and geo-strategic rivalries. But the successful implementation of industrial policy is difficult and requires a number of conditions that this case-study of Turkey highlights. The most important is the institutional context. Enhanced state capacity, rule of law, political ownership, and a responsive business sector are needed to avoid ‘state capture’ or ‘market capture’ of industrial policies. Favourable global conditions and macroeconomic stability are the other two factors supporting industrial policy effectiveness. In the case of Turkey – as in other middle-income economies such as Brazil, macroeconomic instability and uncertainty undermined the long-term investments for tech-upgrade, with the role of incentives and other industrial policy measures reduced to Keynesian counter-crisis policies. Finally, there is a warning on protectionism in many recent industrial policies – especially in advanced economies, and a reminder that a major factor in the successful post-WWII industrialisation of Asian economies such as South Korea was their combination of elements of (temporary) protectionism with export orientation.

The purpose of the study. Currently, much attention is paid to the collection, presentation and analysis of data on the volume, structure and dynamics of economic assets. The value of economic assets, their composition, and effective asset management determine the trajectory of the development of the national economy and its individual sectors. Financial assets are an integral part of economic assets, their importance in the activities of economic entities is steadily increasing. The purpose of the work is to systematize theoretical and practical developments on the presentation of data on financial assets in modern macroeconomic statistics of Russia, to determine the directions for improving the methods of evaluating financial assets, the system of indicators characterizing their condition and movement.Materials and methods. The authors considered the classification of financial assets, applied structural and dynamic data analysis, as well as methods of theoretical research in the form of generalization, comparison and special analytical procedures.Results. The paper defines the main directions of studying financial assets based on existing international standards, taking into account national statistical practice. The current issues of the theory and practice of statistical observation and presentation of data on financial assets, the adaptation of concepts and classifications of international standards to the Russian system of statistical accounting are considered. The features of the presentation of data on financial assets at the macro level are formulated, which are reflected in the national accounts, the system of indicators of monetary statistics and statistics of foreign economic relations, statistical indicators of the Bank of Russia. The authors conducted a quantitative assessment of the structure and dynamics of indicators characterizing the state and movement of financial assets.Conclusion. Statistical analysis of economic transactions with financial assets at the level of institutional units and sectors of the economy allows us to identify not only the main trends in the development of the financial sector of the economy, but also makes it possible to comprehensively consider changes in the value and composition of financial assets at the macro level. The change in the value of financial assets is determined on a balance basis, that is, as the difference between the value of acquired and disposed financial assets.The authors examined in detail the methodological basis for forming a financial account in the context of financial instruments and sectors of the national economy. The financial account provides comprehensive information in the sectoral context on transactions with financial assets and liabilities for the reporting period, allows you to reflect the change in their value as a result of economic operations performed by institutional units, as well as to identify sectors of the economy that did not perform transactions with financial assets. The analysis of the financial account data makes it possible to analyze in detail the change in the value of financial assets at the macro level, to assess the share of the impact of each sector of the economy and the type of asset. A similar approach is applied in analytical procedures with respect to the net obligations assumed.Macroeconomic statistics reflect the movement of financial assets and liabilities by sectors of the national economy and characterize Russia’s relations with the “rest of the world” by determining the volume of net lending by Russia to other countries or determining its status as a net borrower.The issues of the theory and practice of presenting data on financial assets and their use are relevant and promising areas for improving national statistical accounting. Work in this direction continues, although the process of active implementation of international standards in statistical practice has been going on for quite a long time. The quality of primary accounting data on financial sector operations has improved significantly recently, but there are still problems with obtaining data in terms of the full coverage of the statistical aggregate under study, as well as the timing of obtaining reporting data. In addition, the appearance of a large number of new financial instruments and transactions, including modified ones, in the business turnover of institutional units makes it difficult to identify and classify them.The authors of the article have repeatedly addressed the issues of macroeconomic calculations in their publications, which allowed them to consider in more detail topical issues related to the processes of reflecting financial assets.

Tourism is one of the drivers of the world economy that proved able to contribute to the prosperity of a country. Tourism development is able to stimulate business activities resulting in significant benefits for a country. With the existence of regional autonomy demands regional independence in managing its own regional assets, one of which is the tourism sector. Each region in Indonesia has different characteristics in terms of demographic, geographical and cultural, it becomes the potential of the tourism sector of each region. So that each region will compete to get income to improve the welfare of each region and move the wheels of the economy. For that needed a market strategy to increase the number of tourist visits to the tourist object in the destination area. One of the market strategies as a product or service marketing strategy is STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning). Objects studied is the performance of market strategies and marketing mix on the tourist attraction in Kabupaten Kuningan. This research was conducted with a research design to obtain a description of the performance of market strategy and marketing mix of the decision to visit the tourist attraction in Kabupaten Kuningan. Research method used in this research is explanatory survey method, that is research method done by explaining the causal relationship between variables through hypothesis testing. Surveys were conducted by taking samples from one population and using questionnaires as data gathering tools. The results of the study showed that market strategy performance had significant relationship with marketing mix with strong moderate relationship. The result of research shows that the performance of market strategy has a significant effect on the decision to visit tourist object in Kabupaten Kuningan with total influence of 31,4%, consist of direct influence equal to 20,6% and indirect influence equal to 10,8%. The results showed that the marketing mix significantly influenced the decision to visit the tourist attraction in Kabupaten Kuningan with a total influence of 34.8%, consisting of a direct influence of 24.0% and indirect influence of 10.8%. The results showed that the performance of market strategy and marketing mix together significantly influence the decision to visit the tourist attraction in Kabupaten Kuningan with a total influence of 66.3%, while the remaining 33.7% is the influence of other variables that are not observed in this research.

This study examines recent industrial policies in Brazil, especially regarding the use of public procurement to stimulate the growth of domestic industries. It adds to the literature on development studies by presenting data on the recent Brazilian policy of offering margins of preference to domestic firms in public tenders and by conducting an initial analysis of the outcomes and prospects of such a policy. In addition, this paper explores the pattern of Japanese state intervention in the post-war period, which resulted in high levels of industrial and economic growth, in order to make a comparison with current Brazilian efforts to promote industrial development. This study identifies the lack of a clear focus on strategic industrial sectors and the absence of sector-specific measures for these industries as major constraints in recent Brazilian industrial policies. On top of that, it argues that the level of information exchange between the government and private firms in Brazil is insufficient to promote steady industrial growth and transformation in the long run.

Traditional Japanese industrial policies have, since the 1990s, evolved towards knowledge-based industrial policies. In this chapter, we first explain the salient features of both the traditional and knowledge-based industrial policies and compare them from the perspective of the role of the government. Knowledge-based industrial policies emphasize the role of the government as a facilitator and coordinator rather than a guide. Accordingly, the policy instruments differ as well. The changing global economic environment in the era of the knowledge economy and the emergence of new regional rivals, Korea and China, also led to significant changes in policy design and corporate governance styles as well. On the other hand, we argue that there is still an influence of the developmental state practices in policy-making. To present a full account of the recent industrial policies in Japan, we present the recent changes in the policy-making process as well as the economic mindset with reference to the official documents on industrial policies.

The general international trend of increasingly subjecting the public transport industry to market principles has been concretized via various developments in many countries. In line with this trend, there is an increased interest in public procurement processes as a model for public service delivery. Sweden is one of the leading countries where public procurement is the prevailing model for delivering public services. In accordance with the general trend, efforts have been made to make Sweden’s public transport more sensitive to passenger needs, and to stimulate a competitive public transport system. For instance, a new Act, which came into effect on 1 January 2012, is aimed at fostering a customer-centric public transport system, with increased role clarity for the public transport actors. Since market-oriented strategies and public procurement processes are both receiving increased interest from the public transport industry, the market orientation of both public authorities and service providers in Sweden’s public transport has been studied. Since market orientation is a process of change, a longitudinal approach was whereby the first study was conducted in the spring of 2011 and the second in the spring of 2014. All of Sweden’s public transport authorities and the service providers that they stated as their major contract holders were asked to participate. In total, 184 respondents participated in the studies. The findings show that the industry as a whole has increased its organizational and inter-organizational efforts to both acquire knowledge of and respond to passenger needs. In particular, the public service providers have increased their involvement in market-oriented activities.

This study aims to analyze market strategies in determining consumer segments and targets effectively in order to increase business competitiveness. The main focus of this study is to identify factors that influence market segmentation and determine marketing strategies that are in accordance with consumer needs and preferences. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observations, and literature studies. Data were obtained from various sources, including business actors in certain industrial sectors and market trend analysis. The analysis techniques used are SWOT analysis to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in marketing strategies, and STP (Segmenting, Targeting, Positioning) analysis to determine the right consumer segmentation and targets. The results of the study indicate that selecting specific and data-based market segments can increase the effectiveness of marketing strategies. In addition, product differentiation strategies and digital-based marketing approaches are key factors in attracting the right consumer targets. This study also found that a deep understanding of consumer behavior allows companies to develop more targeted marketing strategies that are in accordance with market preferences. Thus, this study provides insight for business actors in optimizing marketing strategies to increase competitiveness and business growth amidst increasingly competitive market competition. Keywords: Market Strategy, Consumer Segmentation, Target Market

This research is motivated use of cyberspace or online activities in providing public information services, especially of the 4.0 era which raises the issue of fakenews and the needs quickly information. The purpose of this research is to find out how the Badan Kepegawian Negara public relations strategy in improving the quality of public information services in the 4.0 era. The research method used is a qualitative with descriptive study analysis by collecting data through interviews. Concepts used are government public relations, cyber public relations quality, public services, 7-C public relations strategies and computer mediated communication. Research results show that BKN public relations have done a study of information service 4.0 in the use of cyber public relations websites, social media such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and canal complaints that is LaporBKN!. Cyber public relations strategies to improve service quality by adjusting the audience, infographics and schemes, packaging messages according to the audience, publishing with audio visual, polling public information services as an evaluation with the use of cyber public relations. Based on the results of research that the service with the use of cyber public relations run by BKN public relations is already good.

Many different obstacles impact tourism (climate change, terrorism, safety). Croatian tourism began to rapidly develop in the post-war period; from the beginning of the 1990s. The tourist arrival figures rise from 5,852,000 tourist arrivals in 1998 to 19,566,000 tourist arrivals in 2019 (DSZ, 2010; DSZ, 2020). The crisis that occurred (The COVID-19 pandemic) caused problems for tourism businesses, local communities, and stakeholders in Croatian tourism resulting in a significant decrease in tourist arrivals and nights in 2020 (UNWTO 2021). International travelers have a huge impact on the sector and every shock has a direct reflection on the national economy. The lack of a national recovery model affected the behavior of stakeholders and tourist arrivals. Objectives of the study: The paper explores national tourism initiatives and stakeholders' actions in the period of health crises. This study aims to present sustainable recovery models in tourism to improve future stakeholders' market position. Methodology: The design of this study is based on analyzing the link between research methods on the tourism crisis and participants' recovery measures. Results: The paper provides a research design that can alleviate security challenges in countries highly dependent on tourism and international tourism demand during crises. The review of research methods provides insights for academics and tourism professionals searching to develop their market strategy. Significance: The implications of crisis policy are documented in the form of a destination research framework for tourism crisis circumstances as a new perspective in managing modern security risks and crises on a global level.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important sectors of the national economy, as its efficiency can determine the overall state of the country’s economy and has a decisive impact on food supply levels and the well-being of the population. Therefore, studying ways to increase labor productivity in agricultural enterprises is particularly important. It determines the pace of expanded reproduction in these enterprises and the full satisfaction of the population’s demand for agricultural products. This is especially relevant in the context of strengthening the country’s food security and pursuing an import substitution policy. Currently, labor productivity in Azerbaijan’s agricultural sector is low compared to that of other countries. The main reasons for this include a lack of qualified personnel, underdeveloped production culture, and insufficient advancement in technology and digitization. Therefore, the primary priority today is to address and eliminate these issues. Relevance of the topic. At present, increasing labor productivity in local enterprises, including agricultural enterprises, is receiving significant attention. In this context, the role of innovations must be given special consideration. The application of innovations in agricultural enterprises primarily involves the use of new technologies, more productive breeds and plant varieties, and biotechnologies that enable the production of higher-quality, more beneficial products. It also includes the introduction of new technical means for soil cultivation, the cleaning and storage of raw materials, energy-saving technologies in production, and environmental innovations that enhance productivity, minimize costs, and ensure environmental safety. Given these advantages, the application of innovations plays a crucial role in increasing labor productivity. Therefore, conducting research in this direction has become increasingly urgent and necessary. The purpose of the article is to study the role of innovations in increasing labor productivity in agricultural enterprises. It also aims to explore the directions of innovation-oriented development in these enterprises, as well as the main forms, methods, and mechanisms of state stimulation. The article highlights the development of innovation policy and the achievement of its strategic goals as key conditions for increasing labor productivity in the agricultural sector. These strategic goals include enhancing national competitiveness through innovations—particularly those that are directly relevant to agricultural producers—and identifying and supporting high-tech sectors that can drive rapid economic growth. Research methods. general scientific analysis and synthesis, grouping, generalization, factor analysis, economic-statistical analysis, comparative analysis, development dynamics Scientific innovation. The article examines the specific features of the innovation process in agricultural enterprises compared to other sectors of the economy. It explores the ways of increasing labor productivity in these enterprises and identifies the advantages brought by innovation. It is argued that one of the key benefits of innovation is its ability to enhance the efficiency and productivity of agricultural enterprises. Through innovative technologies and methodologies, these enterprises can reduce costs, increase productivity, and optimize their production activities. The article emphasizes that innovation has always been a driving force behind progress and success in various sectors of the economy—and the agricultural sector is no exception. As the global population continues to grow, so does the demand for food and other agricultural products. To meet this increasing demand, agricultural enterprises must enhance their competitiveness, and one of the most effective ways to do so is through innovation.

This article reviews 509 Chinese and international journal articles on cultural tourism from1976-2012. It compares the current situation of Chinese and international cultural tourism research based on the annual number of articles, main origin journals, constitution of authors, and distribution of case studies, research types, research fields, research theories and frameworks, and research methods. Generally speaking, Chinese and international cultural tourism research has shown an increasing trend in the past 37 years. The difference is that cultural tourism research started earlier abroad, and the number of articles has increased gradually internationally but sharply at home in recent years. The article also compares the evolution of Chinese and international cultural tourism research during three phases(1976-1989, 1990-1999, and 2000-2012). The analysis shows the following results: first, the types of study in both Chinese and international cultural tourism research were few and scattered in the twentieth century, but became abundant, diverse, and concentrated in the twenty-first century. Ethnic cultural tourism and heritage cultural tourism are the most important research types at home and abroad. The difference is that they achieved a dominant position in 1976-1989 abroad, but reached such position only in the twenty-first century in China. The secondary and auxiliary research types are not identical in China and abroad. Second, in the evolution of the cultural tourism research fields there are two booming and two declining areas domestically but five booming and two declining areas abroad. Specifically, current situation and problems of and suggestions for cultural tourism development, and sustainable development of cultural tourism are the two booming research areas in China, while theoretical considerations and regional cooperative development of cultural tourism are the two declining research areas. Hosts and guests, cultural attractions, marketing,sustainable development, and information provision of cultural tourism are the five booming research areas internationally, while current situation and problems of and suggestions for cultural tourism development, and theoretical considerations of cultural tourism are the two declining areas of research internationally. In addition, several new research fields have arisen both at home and abroad in recent years, which include cultural memory in cultural conservation, evolution of cultural tourism destinations, institutional culture in cultural tourism development, communication and management in cross-cultural tourism, and integration of cultural creativity industry and cultural tourism industry. Third, increasingly, a multitude of academic theories, frameworks, and research methods are applied in Chinese and international cultural tourism research. Academic theories and research methods applied overseas are relatively more diversified and advanced. Compared with international research,application of new theories, frameworks, and research methods in domestic research usually occured later and progressed slowly. Chinese scholars concentrate on descriptive and conceptual analysis, while overseas scholars focus on descriptive and statistics study. Application of modeling methods has been on the rise both at home and abroad in recent years. Finally, the article projects the trends of domestic cultural tourism research in the future,and proposes to switch from concentrating on theoretical research to combining theoretical research with applications, from tracking and referring international research to independent innovative research, from focusing on qualitative study to combining qualitative and quantitative studies, and from isolated research to cooperative team research.