The genomic landscape of lung adenocarcinoma—insights towards personalized medicine

Abstract

Lung neoplasms are the main source of death around the world. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes over 80% of all lung malignancies and the majority of patients present advanced disease at beginning. Risk factors for creating NSCLC have been recognized, with cigarette smoking being a major consideration along with other environmental and hereditary risk factors. Depending on the staging of lung disease, patients are acceptable for certain treatments such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy as well as targeted therapy. Lung malignancy has a poor prognosis, over half of the individuals determined to have lung cancer die within one year and their survival rate is less than 18%. However, in the last decade, different oncogenic modifications have been found and each of them represents a potential target. With the improvement in genetics and biomarker testing, distinct mutations have been identified to better target treatment for lung cancer patients. There is still need to identify the new potential targets for the better survival rate. With the help of NGS analysis among lung adenocarcinoma patients through bioinformatics tools, novel genetic alterations can be identified to discover future potential targets towards personalized medicine. In this review, we highlight the key driver oncogenic gene mutations and fusions identified in lung cancer.