The Future of IT in Peace and Security

This book is a multi-disciplinary analysis of cyber warfare, featuring contributions by leading experts from a mixture of academic and professional backgrounds. Cyber warfare, meaning interstate cyber aggression, is an increasingly important emerging phenomenon in international relations, with state-orchestrated (or apparently state-orchestrated) computer network attacks occurring in Estonia (2007), Georgia (2008) and Iran (2010). This method of waging warfare given its potential to, for example, make planes fall from the sky or cause nuclear power plants to melt down has the capacity to be as devastating as any conventional means of conducting armed conflict. Every state in the world now has a cyber-defence programme and over 120 states also have a cyber-attack programme. While the amount of literature on cyber warfare is growing within disciplines, our understanding of the subject has been limited by a lack of cross-disciplinary engagement. In response, this book, drawn from the fields of computer science, military strategy, international law, political science and military ethics, provides a critical overview of cyber warfare for those approaching the topic from whatever angle. Chapters consider the emergence of the phenomena of cyber warfare in international affairs; what cyber-attacks are from a technological standpoint; the extent to which cyber-attacks can be attributed to state actors; the strategic value and danger posed by cyber conflict; the legal regulation of cyber-attacks, both as international uses of force and as part of an on-going armed conflict, and the ethical implications of cyber warfare. This book will be of great interest to students of cyber warfare, cyber security, military ethics, international law, security studies and IR in general.

Technological and scientific progress, especially the rapid development in information technology (IT), plays a crucial role regarding questions of peace and security. This textbook addresses the significance, potentials and challenges of IT for peace and security. For this purpose, the book offers an introduction to peace, conflict, and security research, thereby focusing on natural science, technical and computer science perspectives. In the following, it sheds light on fundamentals (e.g. IT in peace, conflict and security, naturalscience/ technical peace research), cyber conflicts and war (e.g. information warfare, cyber espionage, cyber defence, Darknet), cyber peace (e.g. dual-use, technology assessment, confidence and security building measures), cyber arms control (e.g. arms control in the cyberspace, unmanned systems, verification), cyber attribution and infrastructures (e.g. attribution of cyber attacks, resilient infrastructures, secure critical information infrastructures), culture and interaction (e.g. safety and security, cultural violence, social media), before an outlook is given. This chapter provides an overview of all chapters in this book.

The creation of cyberspace represented a seminal turning point in the sphere of military activities, as well as in the understanding of corporate, national, regional and global security. The new “space” offered numerous possibilities for carrying out special propaganda operations and computer network based attacks on the enemy’s information systems. In English-speaking countries a term “cyber warfare” (kiber ratovanje) has been coined to describe this new form of confrontation in the virtual space. Attacks in a virtual space though they seem to be insignificant, can cause numerous casualties and material devastations in real, physical world. That is why cyber warfare has a central place in the field of interest of military, information, legal and security theorists and experts.\nAt the end of the 21st century, the problem of conflicting in a virtual space has become one of the important topics of discussion in scientific and professional circles in all countries depending on information-communication technologies. Still, previous researches treated that phenomenon fragmentarily, and that resulted in the inability of creating a firm theoretical framework and clearly defined terminology.\nBearing in mind that scientific literature has not sufficiently and coherently explored the phenomenon of cyber warfare, a scientific aim of this research has been a scientific explanation of cyber warfare phenomenon. The research of a phenomenon this complex necessarily imposes a multi-methodical approach and requires a complementary analysis of available and newly acquired data sources. We are talking about dominantly qualitative research approach, and insufficient theoretical basis brought about mostly exploratory nature of established research requirements. A scientific explanation of this current social phenomenon meant, thus, systematization of previous knowledge about cyber warfare, which assumed recognition, description and a thorough classification of different forms of conflicts in cyberspace.\nThe results of the research show that cyber warfare is a comparatively new and unique form of social conflict which takes place in a specific environment, by using specific means, which has specific characteristics and principles. It can be a war without casualties, but it does not have to be like that. This form of conflict can be waged on its own, or can be a support to a conventional, kinetic conflict. The activity of cyber warfare does not have to be limited by a military discourse. Principles of cyber warfare are present\nIV\nin various different contexts, though a range of motivations and practices can vary to a great extent. Protagonists of cyber warfare use very well thought-out tactics and strategies in order to precisely determine targets of the attack and achieve their aims in a way that is similar to military methods. Destructive actions of various individuals and groups in cyberspace can have similar impulses, show similar understanding of strategic advantages which enable attack methods based on information technologies, and be revenge to those whose lives depend to a great extent on the use of complex information and communication systems.\nCyber warfare not only questions certain conventional assumptions about the nature of social conflicts, but at the same time illustrates some of hidden possibilities and paradoxical potentials (social fusion and fission) of globally connected technologies. It, also, raises numerous questions related to the morality of offensive cyber warfare and adequacy of the existing multilateral regulations and conventions into which these new modalities should be adjusted.\nWe believe that this, holistically based, analysis helps clarifying conceptual and terminological corpus of this specific field. Devoid of its military roots, the vocabulary and principles of cyber warfare can have a great analytic applicability. Different aspects of cyber conflicts, which have been analyzed in this paper, can be assigned to general theoretical principles and established characteristics of the phenomenon we have defined by the concept “cyber warfare.”\nOn the practical level, the results of this research can contribute to a better understanding of this subject, which is of a great significance to developing strategies of prevention, suppression and controlling security risks in cyberspace, both on a corporate and national level. A fast entering of “information conflicts” into civil and corporate frameworks presents a serious problem to managers responsible for protection and security of information infrastructure. Managerial structures on a corporate-economy level have to be aware of how wide a spectrum of potential attacks is, including modern espionage, organized crime, perceptive battles, as well as hacker attacks, and attacks sponsored by states or business rivals. The concept of managing security risks in cyberspace from the aspect of national security, though, requires coordination of national legislation with the existing international standards. From the point of view of regional and global security, a particularly important problem is the lack of general accord on international agreements which would clarify a legal status of states and non-state actors in cyber conflicts. From the\nV\nsaid reasons, this paper has called attention to the need of equalization normative approaches with the aim of adopting acceptable legal definitions of basic concepts in the field of cyber warfare. Apart from that, propositions of possible directions of the development of international law of war have been proposed in order to develop more adequate mechanism of confronting and protection against cyber conflicts.

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. and Greetings.I am pleased and honored to welcome you at the First International Conference on Computer Science and Applied Mathematic (ICCSAM 2018), which was held this year by AMIK and STIKOM Tunas Bangsa Pematangsiantar in collaboration with the Indonesian Computer and Information Professional Association (IPKIN), Indonesian Mathematical Society (INDOMS) and Bank Muamalat. As Chair of the Foundation, I would like to convey a greeting Welcome to Parapat City Lake Toba to presenters from various countries and especially those I respect for the presence of scientists in the field of Computer and Mathematical Sciences and industry practitioners in the 2018 ICCSAM event.I see that this activity is designed to enhance the exchange of knowledge and new discoveries in computer science and mathematics and related fields in industry. I hope that scientists in the field of computer science and mathematics and those who work in the industry can share knowledge and work together as a team that has mutual relations with each other. I am very pleased to say that the theme of this conference, “Advancing Computability Innovation” is very much in line with the objectives of AMIK and STIKOM conferences and missions, namely “to become a Science and Technology based Study Program that meets industrial needs and functions as a research center in Information Data Science. The conference was held in response to output and aoutcame which had a significant contribution in the field of computer science and mathematics as an inseparable unit of science towards the development of local and global industries. It is our happiness and honor to welcome distinguished professors present to convey their expertise at this conference.I hope this meeting will enable the development of productive dialogue between participants from various countries. They also provide invaluable opportunities for networking among participants, institutions and industries. I also hope that diversity in these fields can reveal more opportunities for researchers and practitioners from all over the world to start a lot of research related to the industry in the future.I would like to congratulate AMIK and STIKOM Tunas Bangsa for starting this conference with a synergistic contribution from dedicated partners namely the USU Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, USU’s Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, the Indonesian Computer and Informatics Professional Association (IPKIN), Indonesian Mathematical Society (INDOMS), Bank Muamalat, Malaysia Pahang University (UMP), University of Essex, United Kingdom, Ankara, Turkey and Institute of Applied Mathematics Middle East Technical University to all delegates for their full support, cooperation and contribution to the 2018 ICCSAM. I also want to thank the Organizing Committee for their perseverance and extraordinary efforts. Various sponsors are also rewarded for their contributions. I really hope that all participants will get a pleasant stay here at NIAGARA HOTEL and bring back unforgettable experiences and valuable knowledge from this conference.Thanks.H. Ahmad Ridwansyah Putra

This special issue gathers together a selection of papers presented by international experts during a workshop entitled ‘Ethics of Cyber-Conflicts’, which was devoted to fostering interdisciplinary debate on the ethical and legal problems and the regulatory gap concerning cyber conflicts. The workshop was held in 2013 at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa in Rome under the auspices of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE). This NATO-accredited international military organisation that has always placed a high value on an interdisciplinary approach to cyber defence, uniting as it does perspectives from technical, policy, legal, and strategic domains. The Centre’s mission is to enhance capability, cooperation, and information-sharing between NATO, its member states, and partner countries in the area of cyber defence by virtue of research, education, and consultation. The workshop was one of the projects supported by the Centre to achieve this mission. Readers may already be familiar with the term ‘cyber conflict’, which is understood as any use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) that may have disruptive or destructive consequences. Cyber conflicts are an umbrella phenomenon encompassing several instances ranging from cyber warfare and hacktivism to cyber crime and cyber terrorism. As contemporary societies grow dependent from ICTs, any form of conflict that uses these technologies, both as a means and as a target, poses serious threats to their stability, security, and welfare. As recently reported by the Financial Times, Bthe ultimate impact [of cyber-conflicts] could be as much as $3 trillion in lost productivity and growth^. Furthermore, should cyber conflicts propagate without an adequate response then contemporary societies may risk a cyber backlash in the shape of a deceleration to the digitization process imposed by governments and international institutions in order to prevent this Philos. Technol. (2015) 28:333–338 DOI 10.1007/s13347-015-0197-8

The aim of this study was to analyze the current literature on the use of machine learning in glaucoma, comparing the characteristics and citations received by articles on computer science focus or medical focus. We performed a search using the Scopus database on 28th of January 2021 using appropriate keywords for journal articles and conference articles that discussed glaucoma in the context of machine and deep learning. We used Scopus-based field classification and compared different characteristics and citation metrics between articles classified as belonging to the computer science field, medical field, or both fields combined. A total of 858 documents resulted from the search. Upon comparing the mean citation received by publications in the computer science field and medical field, we found a significant difference (p = 0.013). The highest mean citation received was for articles in the combined fields with a mean of 26.2 (SD 41.7), and the least mean citations received by articles in computer science field with a mean of 13.7 (SD 34.6). Most articles related to machine learning assessment of glaucoma were classified as computer science articles. Articles that belong to medical or both fields combined received higher number of citations.

The problem of continuity at different levels of education is not new for pedagogy, teaching individual disciplines, including computer science and information technology. It is impossible not to take into account that information technologies are an independent discipline, a means through which the transformation of school and university education has been taking place in recent decades. The content of informatics at school and university should to a certain extent correspond to the level of science development and the requirements of society. The variety of digital tools and the ubiquitous availability of information create huge opportunities for their creative use within their discipline, related natural science subjects, and in various other spheres of human activity. Based on a comparative analysis, the article draws conclusions about the problems faced by both domestic and foreign specialists in the field of education. The article analyzes the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and problems of the school and university education systems in Russia and abroad, and considers their relationship. It is substantiated that the lack of consistency and discreteness in the process of teaching computer science and information technology at school lead to a discrepancy between the training of school graduates and the requirements for the basic knowledge of first-year university students. The article presents the results of the analysis of basic curricula at school (in the field of computer science) and curricula in the preparation of future computer science teachers at the university (using the Transbaikal State University as an example). The authors analyze the results of diagnostic testing, which was conducted with first-year students of the Transbaikal State University in September 2023/2024, in order to monitor their existing knowledge and skills in the field of computer science. The article suggests ways to solve the problem of secondary school – higher education institution continuity in the field of computer science. The results of the study can be used in the preparation of future computer science teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: continuity of education, lifelong education, computer science and educational technologies, information competence, computer literacy

The monograph Terminological Dictionaries 2024 contains dictionary entries created in 2024 as part of terminological dictionaries under development at the Department of Terminology of the Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian Language ZRC SAZU. The publication includes 1450 dictionary entries, namely 214 from the field of physiotherapy, 469 from the field of firefighting, 120 from the field of geoinformatics, 181 from the field of theatre, 53 from the field of criminology, 51 from the field of meteorology, 305 from the field of computer science and 57 from the field of animal science. Among the dictionary entries, there are 1226 consisting of the term, grammatical information, definition and possible synonyms and abbreviations, as well as 224 cross-references that guide the user to the preferred term, which serves to harmonise the terminology. The entries from the fields of physiotherapy, geoinformatics, criminology, meteorology, computer science and animal science also have English equivalents, while the entries from the field of firefighting have also German equivalents in addition to the English ones. The publication is intended to keep the interested specialist public up to date with new dictionary entries that are created as part of larger terminographic projects.

This article explores the cutting-edge applications of brain like chips and memristors in the fields of artificial intelligence and computer science. Brain like chips, imitating the computational model of brain neural networks, provide new hardware support for machine learning and deep learning with unique parallel processing capabilities and efficient energy consumption ratio. Memristors, as an emerging type of non-volatile memory, have great potential in information storage and processing as resistance can change with changes in passing current and voltage. This article first outlines the basic principles and characteristics of brain like chips and memristors, then analyzes application prospects in the fields of computational science and neuroscience, and finally discusses the current challenges and future development trends. This article aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the latest developments in brain like chips and memristors for researchers in related fields, and promote the deep integration and application of these two technologies in the field of artificial intelligence.

This paper aims to examine the issue of digital readiness in overcoming cyber war between Indonesia and Australia. The existence of cyber conflict has given rise to an evaluation for the government to continue to improve the security system. The wiretapping carried out by the Australian government was a presumptuous act and the Indonesian government and the public condemned the act. The wiretapping action triggered a cyber war between Indonesia and Australia. This research method uses a qualitative Creswell case study approach that focuses on analyzing a case. The theory used is Game Theory and Cyber ​​Conflict. The results of the study show that the cyber war that occurred between Indonesia and Australia can be concluded: First, the conflict that occurred involved government and community actors. Second, if the cyber war is won by one party will get a little benefit then negotiations are taken to get a lot of benefits. Third, the resolution of the cyber war between Indonesia and Australia is to sign an agreement and re-establish bilateral relations. To strengthen cyber security, qualified digital readiness is needed, so cooperation is needed to create such a thing.

About Srinivas University (Organizer) Srinivas University, Mangalore, is a Private Research University in Mangalore, Karnataka, India established in 2013 by the Karnataka State Act. Srinivas University is the flagship of 18 Srinivas Group of Institutions started by A. Shama Rao Foundation, Mangalore, India, a private Charitable Trust founded in 1988 by an Eminent Chartered Accountant A. Raghavendra Rao. A. Shama Rao Foundation has started many professional colleges in Mangalore which include Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Srinivas Institute of Technology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Srinivas Institute of Nursing Sciences, A Shama Rao Nursing School, Srinivas Integrated Campus, Srinivas College of Hotel Management, Vijayalakshmi Institute of Hospitality Sciences, Srinivas First Grade College, Srinivas School of Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Management Studies, Srinivas College of Physiotherapy, Srinivas School of Business, Srinivas School of Management, Srinivas College of Education, Srinivas Institute of Social Work. About Department College of Computer Science and Information Science is envisioned to other courses which would build the students into enthusiastic quality professionals in the field of Computer Science and Information Technology. The College is located in the heart of Mangalore City, connected with Central Railway Station others excellent learning atmosphere. Students are exposed to a variety of curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities that transform them into dynamic change agents who are able to make a difference by their presence wherever they are. Students from different parts of the country and regions who enroll in the college make it truly inclusive and multi-cultural. The college promotes research in relevant fields of Computer and Information Science also other Ph.D/D.Sc and Post-Doctoral Fellow Programme in accordance with the regulations of the University. About Conference International Conference on Computational Physics in Emerging Technologies (ICCPET’2020) aims to bring together leading Academic Scientists, Researchers, Practitioners, Educators to present, discuss the most recent Innovations, Trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the domain of interest from around the world to exchange, share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Computational Physics. Prospective authors are kindly encouraged to contribute to and help shape the conference through submissions of their research abstracts, papers, e-posters and high quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Computational Physics in Emerging Technologies are cordially invited for presentation at the conference. International Conference on Advances in Computational Physics in Emerging Technologies is the premier interdisciplinary platform for the presentation of new advances and research results in the fields.International Conference on Computational Physics in Emerging Technologies (ICCPET’2020) is the premier interdisciplinary platform for Academicians, Authors, Students, Research Scholars, Scientists and Industry Experts for the presentation of new advanced innovative research ideas and results to share in the field. The more gatherings get shut down due to the growing concern of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). So, there may be a chance of entire conference events will take place online for all national and International Participants. We have modern technology support from our university, Which enables us to hold face-to-face Virtual presentations and for a digital event to take place, in lieu of an in-person event. We look forward to bringing together Keynotes Speakers and Participants from all parts of the world in this new virtual format to learn and together. The live online conferences will have the same content as the in-person versions and will maintain the same agenda as originally planned, with minor adjustments to the schedule that are convenient for attendees in different time zones. Replacing the in-person event with a dynamic virtual Presentation will enable us to bring attendees and speakers together in a healthy and productive way.The Location of the conference was Srinivas University, Pandeshwar, Mangalore-575001, Karnataka, India. Entire Conference in Online mode through Cisco Webex Meeting. First 1 Hour inauguration and next 2 hours Invited talk. Discussion and Question and Answer happened through webex Platform. The delegates will present paper from their location through Webex sharing. We had a capacity to accommodate 1000 participants in webex Platform. We had a Internet speed of 50 Mbps. We had continuous stable internet connection. We were able to conduct smoothly virtual conference. For Inauguration there were only 30 members and some participants internet connection was not stable, other than this there was no problem in conducting virtual conference.List of Conference Report, SRINIVAS UNIVERSITY International Conference on Computational Physics in Emerging Technologies, ICCPET 2020 Oral Presentation Guidelines, PRESENTATION SCHEDULE, Editors, The Invoice Address are available in the pdf.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the differences between conference papers and journal papers in the field of computer science based on Bayesian network. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigated the differences between conference papers and journal papers in the field of computer science based on Bayesian network, a knowledge-representative framework that can model relationships among all variables in the network. We defined the variables required for Bayesian networks modeling, calculated the values of each variable based Aminer dataset (a literature data set in the field of computer science), learned the Bayesian network and derived some findings based on network inference. Findings The study found that conferences are more attractive to senior scholars, the academic impact of conference papers is slightly higher than journal papers, and it is uncertain whether conference papers are more innovative than journal papers. Research limitations The study was limited to the field of computer science and employed Aminer dataset as the sample. Further studies involving more diverse datasets and different fields could provide a more complete picture of the matter. Practical implications By demonstrating that Bayesian networks can effectively analyze issues in Scientometrics, the study offers valuable insights that may enhance researchers’ understanding of the differences between journal and conference in computer science. Originality/value Academic conferences play a crucial role in facilitating scholarly exchange and knowledge dissemination within the field of computer science. Several studies have been conducted to examine the distinctions between conference papers and journal papers in terms of various factors, such as authors, citations, h-index and others. Those studies were carried out from different (independent) perspectives, lacking a systematic examination of the connections and interactions between multiple perspectives. This paper supplements this deficiency based on Bayesian network modeling.

The encompassing trend of digitalisation and widespread dependencies on IT systems triggers adjustments also in the military forces. Besides necessary enhancements of IT security and defensive measures for cyberspace, a growing number of states are establishing offensive military capabilities for this domain. Looking at historical developments and transformations due to advancements in military technologies, the chapter discusses the political progress made and tools developed since. Both of these have contributed to handling challenges and confining threats to international security. With this background, the text assesses a possible application of these efforts to developments concerning cyberspace, as well as obstacles that need to be tackled for it to be successful. The chapter points out political advancements already in progress, the role of social initiatives, such as the cyber peace campaign of the Forum of Computer Scientists for Peace and Societal Responsibility (FifF), as well as potential consequences of the rising probability of cyber war as opposed to the prospects of cyber peace.

Despite great effort in research and teaching as well as in raising women’s quotas in the public sector and in enterprises, a gender gap in computer science can still be observed. The reasons are manifold, including the lack of interest of girls because of existing stereotypes of male nerds, misconceptions in the field of computer science, and concrete differences in students’ self-concept and performance. Girls do not choose schools or studies in the field of computer science because working on computers or coding is unattractive to them. Research shows poorer performance, missing interest, and lower self-concept for girls in secondary computing education as well as a high dropout rate of female students in computer science courses at the bachelor’s level. Software development exams contribute to those high dropout rates, and women often choose a different subject or even stop their university education altogether. This leads to fewer female employees in the field of computer science, and this situation calls for special measures at several levels. The current paper provides an overview of the initiatives of our university that aim to address several aspects of the gender gap. The programs offered aim to (1) increase interest in computer science and recruit (highly) gifted girls for our talent programs, (2) recruit and support female bachelor’s and master’s students in computer science, and (3) redesign programming courses and teaching materials to reduce the gender gap in performance and support, especially for female students. This study also describes a cyber tutoring program in which highly gifted girls between 13 and 16 years collaborate with and are supervised by female role models in higher positions in STEM. The evaluation results gained in the first year of this case study are promising and suggest that the extension and further development of the program would be advantageous.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze Saudi scientific output in the field of computer science in Web of Science database, covering the years 1978 through 2012. Design/methodology/approach – The study involved analyzing 998 publications in terms of the publication count and its growth, citation, share of international collaboration, research areas and researchers’ productivity. Findings – The results show that the number of papers produced in computer science field has only increased after year 2007; this is because Saudi universities have applied a catch-up strategy to increase its research output. Also, our study reveals that the publication performance of Saudi scientists in computer science was domestic and suffers from low international visibility. Only two universities took the lead in the production of computer science research. Furthermore, computer science research trends in Saudi Arabia focused on engineering, followed by mathematics and telecommunications. Originality/value – Studies on international academic publication productivity in the Middle East, particularly in Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, are rarely found. In fact, bibliometric studies on Saudi researchers in the field of computer science are not available. Therefore, the originality of this study resides in being the first study to measure publication productivity of Saudi researchers in the field of computer science.