The formation logic of new quality productive forces in the construction of China's independent economic knowledge system

The subject of the present study is the economic relations emerging in the process of shaping and developing the innovative potential of economic systems using the example of foreign experience. The main theme of this scientific article is the theoretical foundations for the construction and formation of a modern effective economic system in China. The aim of the study is to develop a theoretical and methodological toolkit of the features of the formation of the innovative potential of economic systems and its priority areas of development. The present study used methods of comparative analysis, monographic, classification method, econometric methods (multi-factor rating method, maximum method). The theoretical and practical significance of the study characterizes the following results. The article reveals the content of the theoretical approach to building an effective economic system in the People’s Republic of China at the present stage of development of this country. The practical significance of building an innovative economic system is summarized in three aspects: firstly, the construction of a modern economic system is a necessary condition for resolving the main social contradictions in the new era; secondly, the construction of a modern economic system is the strategic goal of building a socialist modern power; thirdly, the construction of a modern economic system is a prerequisite for resolving the main social contradictions in a new era. It has been proved that the construction of a modern economic system contributes to ensuring that the country corresponds to the trends of modernization and development, fought for the initiative in international competition. The theoretical, methodological and practical recommendations obtained in the study can be used when the legislative and executive authorities develop concepts and strategies for innovative development, as well as when creating, monitoring and improving the mechanism for managing innovative processes of economic systems

Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the Chinese economic legal system has gone through multiple transformative stages, exhibiting different characteristics at each stage as a result of the interaction between the changing economic system and legal ideology of the time. Due to the differences between the prevailing economic systems and legal ideologies at different stages, the structural concepts, content, governing systems, implementation mechanisms and effects of the economic legal system vary significantly at each stage.

The construction of an independent knowledge system in biological pedagogy is crucial to realizing a theoretical system of education with Chinese characteristics and to achieving the goals of building a modern socialist power in education, science and technology, and talent cultivation. From an educational perspective, this paper explores the research background, significance, approaches, and methodologies involved in such a construction. It further analyzes four core components of the independent knowledge system in biological pedagogy: the disciplinary cluster system, disciplinary knowledge system, academic system, and discourse system. Among these, the academic system serves as the foundation and core, as it drives and determines the development of the entire framework. With sufficient academic impetus and a solid foundation, the construction of an independent knowledge system in biological pedagogy can proceed smoothly.

To EVALUATE THE strengths and weaknesses of any economic system two norms may be used: (1) the norm of the prime movers within the system, and (2) the norm of observers outside the system. Each economic system has its participants-those whose preferences and the rank ordering of these preferences really count in the system (i.e., scarce resources move in the various directions desired by the dominant participants). There is often considerable doubt as to who, in a given situation, are the dominant participants. Chinese communist thinking informs us that the economic system of the People's Republic of China (PRC) is responsive to the wishes of the masses of poor and lower-middle peasants and workers with, however, Party intervention in a somewhat convoluted filtering of preferences from the people, to the people. In fact, the societal objectives of the PRC economic system are overwhelmingly formulated by the top Party and governmental leadership in consultation, to be sure, with lower level cadres. We can perhaps conveniently, in shorthand, and with poetic license call the dominant decision-makers in the PRC the planners, and the social objectives of the system planners' preferences. Now one way of determining whether a given course of action has been successful or not is to compare the outcome with the objective set by the planners. This is the plan fulfillment method of evaluating performance. The norm by which performance is measured is the norm laid down by the system's leading resource movers. There is also, however, a second way of making judgments about strengths and weaknesses. Instead of the dominant participants' norm we can elect to use our own-the observers'-norm. In this instance we shall judge performance by reference to what we think China's social targets and their ordering should be, not what the Chinese Communist

As an important part of philosophy and social sciences, sports science must deeply understand the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important remarks and accelerate the construction of a knowledge system of sports science in China. The research on the innovation of sports education theory is of far-reaching significance in accelerating the construction of China's knowledge system. It is not only a summary and sublimation of China's sports education practice but also stimulates the development of China's original sports education theory. Based on the methodological perspective, this study answers the method and path of the innovative development of the sports education theory with Chinese characteristics from four aspects: value orientation, development direction, core content, and generation motivation. Research: The literature review method and logical analysis method were used. The innovative development of physical education theory with Chinese characteristics under the construction of an independent knowledge system should be carried out from the following four aspects: First, focus on the "one goal" to provide conceptual guidance, theoretical support, and methodological guidance for advancing the great process of modernizing China's physical education cause. Second, grasp the "three-fold logic" and anchor the development direction of physical education theory in the "historical logic" of the development of China's physical education cause, the "theoretical logic" of the local construction of physical education theory, and the "practical logic" of theoretical knowledge production. Third, answer the "four questions" and expand the content system of physical education theory in answering the "Chinese question" of building a sport - power country, the "world question" of building a community with a shared future for mankind, the "people's question" of improving the national health level, and the "era question" of the digital transformation of sports. Fourth, firmly uphold the "Four Spheres of Confidence", and stimulate the driving force for the innovative development of physical education theory while practicing confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture. The innovative development of the theory of physical education with Chinese characteristics shoulders the responsibility for realizing the strategies of building a strong educational country, a strong sports country, and a Healthy China. Exploring its path from the methodological perspective has a certain forward-looking perspective and value significance, laying the foundation for further improving the independent sports knowledge system in China.

In the new era, China has identified high-quality development as the primary task in building a socialist modern country, and the construction of a dual-cycle pattern provides a continuous driving force for high-quality development. As a key link connecting the external and internal cycles, foreign trade's achieve-ment of high-quality development is of great significance to the high-quality de-velopment of the economy. The new productive forces, characterized by high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, are an inevitable choice for the high-quality development of foreign trade. Based on this, this paper selects data from 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, where China's foreign trade is highly developed, from 2010 to 2020 to measure the level of high-quality devel-opment of foreign trade and new productive forces. The results show that new productive forces have a significant positive impact on the level of high-quality development of foreign trade.

У статті розглянуті методологічні підходи до визначення сутності та критеріїв класифікації економічних систем. У різноманітті підходів до класифікації економічних систем виділені два основних - формаційний та цивілізаційний. Проаналізовано погляди вчених на співвідношення цих підходів. Аргументована некоректність постановки питання про необхідність доповнити формаційні критерії (рівень розвитку продуктивних сил і виробничих відносин) цивілізаційними критеріями (традиціями, релігійними вподобаннями, культурними, етичними, правовими та іншими).

In recent years, countries of the world have rapidly proceeded regional economic integration after the WTO Doha Round negotiation is failed, however, due to a particular political status internationally, Taiwan has been excluded from economic integration system in APAC region, in which Taiwan’s primary competitor – South Korea has signed 8 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) as of Dec. 2010 while Taiwan, reported 5 FTAs with 5 countries in Central/South American and ECFA with China only, there is a necessity for Taiwan to speed up move to negotiate for ECFA signing to sustain its economic competitiveness while facing a challenge from economic integration worldwide. The study has firstly proceeded a discussion on regional integration trend for FTA type in overall to understand whether ECFA is an international agreement and the differences with Closer Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), and to analyze the possible benefits, policy direction enabled by ECFA through examining the process and position of ECFA signing between China and Taiwan, with SWOT analysis introduced to forecast the possible strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats that Taiwan might have upon ECFA . Moreover, a visit to Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea, Ministry of Knowledge Economy, KIEP, SERI, KREI and personnel of knowledge bank for FTA study by peer review has been proceeded through seminar or one-on-one interview, it on the one hand, observes the impact of ECFA on South Korea from the perspective of South Korea, and on the other hand, observes the viewpoints of South Korea on ECFA signing between China and Taiwan, and get to know the progress of FTA promotion in South Korea, FTA promoting strategies, policy change, and comments on FTA deeply. To infer the ECFA signing between Taiwan and South Korea upon the outcomes of above-mentioned study and work experiences, to discuss and analyze the background of FTA promotion, to evaluate possible benefits of FTA signing between China and South Korea after ECFA between China and Taiwan is signed, and, to assume a scenario among Taiwan, China and South Korea upon a prerequisite of China’s obstruction, whether there is an intention between China and South Korea to deduce possible action plans, to cross-discuss China and South Korea’s position and the possible action plans to rehearse the status of ECFA signing between Taiwan and South Korea. According to the outcomes derived from the scenario, it is found that South Korea’s attitude toward Taiwan’s position in FTA promotion has gradually changed due to the ECFA signing between China and Taiwan, to switch from passive attitude to an attitude with concern, and is in vague position for the time being; preparing for a possibility of FTA signing with joint effort afterwards. The study also discovered that even Taiwan signs FTA with South Korea, it contributed a 0.1% GDP to Taiwan while the real GDP of Taiwan and South Korea will be increased by 0.008% and 0.006%, respectively. The social welfare contour in Taiwan will be increased by USD 90m or so, while the social welfare contour in South Korea will be increased by USD 130m, reporting less significant benefits to both parties. There is no urgency for Taiwan to sign FTA with South Korea, however, accordingly to the opinions from people of knowledge bank in South Korea, Taiwan is not the first choice for FTA signing to South Korea, in which the study has summarized that the likely timing for South Korea to trigger FTA signing with Taiwan is after FTA between South Korea and China is signed. According to the paper, FTA signing between Taiwan and South Korea is not likely to happen within a short time, it is suggested that an utilization of advantages upon ECFA signing shall be reinforced and is the urgent matter to do for Taiwan, to grab the market before FTA between China and South Korea is settled, to reinforce coordination of external FTA signing and to negotiate with South Korea for FTA promotion. Keywords: ECFA, FTA, regional integration

This dissertation offers new perspectives on China's transition to socialism by investigating a fundamental question--how did the state build capacity to know the nation through numbers? With the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, jubilant Chinese revolutionaries were confronted by the dual challenge of a nearly nonexistent statistical infrastructure and the pressing need to escape the universalist claims of capitalist statistics. At stake for revolutionary statisticians and economists was a fundamental difficulty: how to accurately ascertain social scientific fact. Resolving this difficulty involved not just epistemological and theoretical debates on the unity or disunity of statistical science but also practical considerations surrounding state-capacity building. The resultant shift toward a socialist definition of statistics, achieved by explicitly following the Soviet Union's example, was instrumental in shaping new bureaus, designing statistical work, and training personnel. New classificatory schemes and methods of data collection also raised issues of authority and policy, ultimately not just remolding state-society relations but also informing new conceptions of everyday life and work. By the mid-1950s, however, growing disaffection with the efficacy of Soviet methods led the Chinese, in a surprising turn of events, to seek out Indian statisticians in an unprecedented instance of Chinese participation in South-South scientific exchange. At the heart of these exchanges was the desire to learn more about large-scale random sampling, an emergent statistical technology, which, while technically complex, held great practical salience for large countries like China and India. "Making it Count" engages with and contributes to scholarship on the history of modern China and on the global and Cold War histories of science and social science. While the historiography on statistics and quantification has focused primarily on the early-modern and nineteenth century world, the dissertation brings this history into the twentieth century, when states, multi-national institutions, and private actors, regardless of their ideological hue, mobilized statistics on behalf of positivist social science and statecraft. By examining the collection and deployment of data, a process critical to the ambitions of the revolutionary PRC state but one that has largely been overlooked in the historical literature, the dissertation also provides an alternative account for a decade often portrayed as lurching from one mass campaign to another. Finally, the examination of the Sino-Indian statistical links reveals that pioneering innovation took place in many contexts after 1945 and challenges Cold War paradigms that are predisposed to assume the United States or the Soviet Union as the primary nodes from which scientific and other forms of modern knowledge emanated.

This paper first applies strategic planning model under the game theoretic framework to analyze the ”One China” dilemma of the current cross Taiwan Strait relations. It indicates that the current political conflict between Taiwan and the Mainland China is in a state of Nash Equilibrium there is both sides could implement no better alternative strategies unless some of the external conditions change. It further analyzes the ”One China” strategies from China's, Taiwan's and ”Taiwan Independence's” prospective using simplified strategic planning cases. It shows unambiguously that the current China policies exercised by President Chen's government are mainly of short-term tactical nature, they are unlikely able to make any significant impact on China's strategic stance of ”One Country Two Systems”. The analysis also suggests that it is unlikely China would ever alter its position of using military power as her last resort if Taiwan declares independence. Because that ”threatening” strategy would work only if China makes every principal stakeholders (Taiwan as well as U.S.A., Japan, etc.) to believe that China is fully committed to it indeed. The paper therefore suggests that the least-cost solution, both socially and politically, is to avoid the political and ideological showdown (of sovereignty issues, for instance) and move on to pragmatic issues. The paper thus proposes a ”win-win” strategy of espousing an adaptive and open-ended process toward the economic integration of Hong Kong, Macao, the Chinese Mainland, and Taiwan (the so called Greater China). Using experiences of North American Free Trade Agreement and the European Union as analogies, this paper estimates that it would take about another thirty years for both sides of the Taiwan Strait to consolidate their economic systems as well as their social structures.

International Law and the Extraordinary Interaction Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan

China's economic development has been negatively influenced by its underdeveloped human resources since the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949. The underdevelopment has been caused by various factors, such as China's highly centralized economic planning system and inadequate development in liberal and vocational education. In order to reverse the situation, many radical changes have been brought in since the economic reforms of late 1978. Focusing on the past and current human resource development (HRD) in China's manufacturing sector, this paper will identify the state of HRD in China, highlight changes in HRD during the period of transition to more market-oriented economic systems, and discuss its impact on business and management in China.

The article focuses on economic security in the People's Republic of China (PRC), research activities in this field, as well as the system of state governance, legislation, and legal system of the PRC aimed at ensuring and managing economic security at various hierarchical levels. The subject of the research is the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, laws, and subordinate normative legal acts reflecting aspects of national security of the People's Republic of China, conducted by Chinese scholars in the field of China's economic security. The object of the study is the concept and definition of economic security in the academic sphere in China, patterns and trends in the development of social relations in the PRC in the process of ensuring national security and economic security of the country. The author extensively examines various aspects of the topic, such as different approaches to the concept of economic security among Chinese researchers, components of the overall economic security system and its subsystems, as well as their interactions, and regulatory acts governing national security issues in the country. Special attention is paid to the potential use of the results of this research for comparative analysis in conducting other similar studies. The methodological basis is the dialectical method of cognition, within which a combination of general scientific methods (historical, logical analysis and synthesis) and specific scientific methods (comparative legal analysis, content analysis, etc.) is applied for theoretical research. The study on the national economic security of the People's Republic of China has been conducted and discussed, where the authors examine the concept of economic security from various perspectives and identify economic sectors and corresponding indicators deemed most important and vulnerable in terms of national security. The main conclusions of the study suggest that taking into account the nuances of interpreting and perceiving economic security in the academic sphere of China, as well as the administrative and legal provision of national security in the PRC, will contribute to the improvement of scientific research and legislative activities of other countries in this field. Furthermore, it will lead to a clearer definition of theoretical concepts and practical activities in the sphere of economic security of the state. Additionally, resolving common issues related to ensuring national security from the perspective of state governance will be facilitated.

The capitalist economic system is a system of economic organization that is characterized by private property rights to the tools of production and distribution and utilization to achieve a profit in a very comparative condition. This capitalism is the result of Adam Smith's thought, Adam Smith is a classical sect figure where the world's economic experts assess that the classical sect's thinking is the basis of a capitalist economic system. Doctrines taught by the theory of economic system capitalist, namely about the value of goods and services, the price structure, ie the price in the production area, the price in determining the consumption and price in the method of determining production. The rationale of Adam Smith's theory was able to endure until the economic depressi of 1929. At that time J. M Keyness performed and succeeded in expressing a theory that new and improved economic system can be built, Keynesian thought requires the presence of government intervention in determining economic policy, this is the beginning of the fall of the capitalist economic system. Because the economic crisis has always occurred throughout history, it is necessary an alternative economic theory. The Dicita-citakan economic theory is an economic system that is able to create justice and shared welfare, accompanied by the concept of the blessing of the world and the hereafter. This is the theory of Islamic economics that will bring justice and complete prosperity. Islamic economics is regarded as a way out to address contemporary economic issues. The source of the idea of Islamic economic system is aqidah and Islamic ideology which is the foundation of the Quranic massage and as-Sunnah. With this foundation the Islamic economy is distinctive, unique and distinct from the capitalist economic system or socialist/Communist economic system. In the capitalist economic system, economic activity is conducted solely because of the benefits and material factors, so as not to pay attention to the interests of the crowd. There is also no guarantee the perfection of this economic system even brings disaster that afflict the people. The Islamic economic system is an independent economic system and apart from other economic systems. As for the difference of Islamic economic system with other economic systems is as revealed by Suroso Imam Zadjuli in Achmad Ramzy Tadjoeddin, namely that the principle of Islamic economics is the application of basic efficiency dam benefits while preserving the natural environment. And the motive of Islamic economics is to seek good luck in the world and in the hereafter as the FIL with the path of worship in a broad sense. Islam recognizes the welfare of the individual and the social welfare of the community that complements one another instead of competing against each other, as applicable in the capitalist and socialist economic system.

This study is aimed at analyzing the economic security management system in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The purpose of the publication is to determine the evolution of the legal framework for the formation of China’s economic security system, as well as scientific efforts in this area. The author reveals the key approaches of Chinese scholars to understanding economic security, and reflects the disclosure of various aspects of national and economic security in the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and numerous legal acts. The methodology of the article is based on the use of the methods of analysis and synthesis, retrospective analysis, modeling, legal analysis, induction and deduction. The scientific novelty of the article is to substantiate the criteria for studying the paradigm shift in ensuring economic security as part of China’s national security and, on this basis, to identify four stages of development of the institutional framework for ensuring economic security in the Chinese State. The paper analyzes in detail the concepts and ideas of achieving economic security that have developed in the scientific community of China. The author examines the trends in changes in state policy on national security and the development of social relations in the context of the growing importance of economic security. The authors also study the overall system of economic security, analyze its components and mechanisms of interaction between them. The authors emphasize the transition from the traditional concept of national security, which is mainly based on the military sphere, to a new paradigm with an emphasis on ensuring the economic stability of the country. The author presents the system of Chinese legal acts regulating activities related to national economic security. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of comparing the results of this study with other similar studies in order to develop clearer guidelines for theoretical research and practical activities in the field of national economic security. From the methodological point of view, the article uses a dialectical approach that combines theoretical research methods from various sciences (history, legal analysis) to ensure the depth and breadth of the analysis. The study concludes that strengthening administrative and legal support for economic security will help strengthen China’s position both domestically and internationally. For Ukraine, the approach adopted by the Chinese government will help clarify some theoretical concepts and aspects of economic security practices, providing guidance for the public administration in addressing common problems related to national security.