The forgotten contribution: Murray rothbard on socialism in theory and in practice

The theory of broad and narrow socialization is described, with a particular emphasis on placing family socialization in its cultural context. In cultures characterized by broad socialization, socialization is intended to promote independence, individualism, and self-expression. In contrast, cultures with narrow socialization hold obedience and conformity as their highest values. Seven sources of socialization are described, including family, peers, school/work, community, the media, the legal system, and the cultural belief system. Other considerations are discussed, including variation within cultures (such as gender differences) and the place of attachments. In addition, two examples of applications of the theory are provided. Socialization has received a great deal of attention from social scientists in this century in research and theory on topics such as parenting, peer relations, and education. However, almost all of the research and theorizing in this area has taken modern Western society as its premise and its focus. As a consequence, there has been little theoretical attention to socialization as a cultural process, on the level of the culture as a whole. The present article is intended as a contribution in this direction, to promote a consideration of the cultural context of socialization and to elucidate comparisons and contrasts between cultures in their ways of socialization. In the theory of broad and narrow socialization that I present here, the focus is on differences between cultures in their socialization practices. I also recognize, of course, that socialization practices vary within cultures, but my intent is to draw attention to cultural aspects often overlooked in theories of socialization. The seven sources of socialization specified in the theory of broad and narrow socialization include family, peers, schoolwork, community, the media, the legal system, and the cultural belief system. This theory is an attempt to integrate perspectives from psychology, sociology, and anthropology. BROAD AND NARROW SOCIALIZATION I make a distinction between two general types of cultural socialization, broad and narrow. Cultures characterized by broad socialization encourage individualism, independence, and self-expression, not just through socialization in the family but through other socialization sources as well. In contrast, cultures characterized by narrow socialization hold obedience and conformity as the highest values and discourage deviation from cultural expectations--again, not just through family socialization but through other sources of socialization as well. Broad socialization is broad in the sense that a relatively broad range of individual differences in paths of development can be predicted from socialization practices that emphasize individualism and independence. Narrow socialization is narrow in the sense that a restricted range of variation can be predicted when individuals are pressed toward conformity to a certain cultural standard. This basic contrast in socialization, between an emphasis on individualism and self-expression on the one hand and conformity and obedience on the other, has been a staple of theory and research on parenting in the United States in this century, using a variety of terminology (see Alwin, Xu, & Carson, 1994). Three characteristics that distinguish the present approach are (a) the application of this distinction to socialization outside the family as well, including each of the seven sources described above, (b) the application of this distinction on the level of culture, to general patterns of socialization that can be said to be characteristic of a culture as a whole, and (c) the focus on variance as a way of evaluating empirically the predictive validity of the theory. The focus of this theory is on the range of individual differences that cultures allow or encourage--relatively broad in the case of broad socialization, relatively narrow in the case of narrow socialization. …

Trends in the use of cannabis products in Canada and the USA, 2018 - 2020: Findings from the International Cannabis Policy Study.

“The forgotten contribution: Murray rothbard on socialism in theory and in practice” and the reinterpretation of the socialist calculation debate: A comment

The editors of Opposing the Crusader State indicate that the volume is intended to contribute to a more peaceful and prosperous world by reconsidering “current approaches to international security and economic development” (ix). The fourteen chapters (not including the Introduction authored by the editors) critically examine U.S. foreign policy with a particular emphasis on the relevance of noninterventionism as an alternative to current policy. This book is not intended to be a specific contribution to Austrian economics. That said, Austrian economists will find this volume intriguing because they have long engaged in the economic and historical analysis of foreign policy and global interventionism. In light of the United States’ long history of global interventionism, the insights of this volume and the writings of Austrian economists on these issues are of the utmost contemporary importance. The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, I aim to provide the reader with an overview of the main contents of Opposing the Crusader State. Second, I discuss some of the central themes in the writings of Ludwig von Mises, F.A. Hayek and Murray Rothbard on the topics of U.S. foreign policy, global interventionism, and the alternative of noninterventionism. In doing so, I hope to show how elements of the insights of the authors in Opposing the Crusader State can be found in the work of these scholars. Although not explicitly intended to be a contribution to Austrian economics, many of the papers in the volume under review complement and expand on the earlier writings of Austrian economists. Rev Austrian Econ (2009) 22:181–191 DOI 10.1007/s11138-009-0085-5

This essay focuses on visa-enabled immigrant work statuses that constitute the variegated continuum between citizenship and noncitizenship, documented and undocumented immigration, and entitlements and negotiated contractual employment in advanced capitalist economies. Specifically, I look at how temporary nonimmigrant visa categories in the United States are used by the corporate sector to create a flexible immigrant workforce with tenuous legal and work status in racial and gendered terms. Thousands of Indian workers on visas, such as the H-IB, have been incorporated into the U.S. economy as information technology (IT) workers since the 1990s. Few among these professionals, however, work directly for the large U.S. companies where they report to work. As direct employees of either Indian or U.S. -owned subcontracting firms located in both countries, the majority work as temporary contract workers moving from one project to the next at client sites all over the United States. A complex interplay of Indian- and U.S.-owned labor subcontractors, their offshore subsidiaries, and immigration policies has synchronized the required access to immigrant IT workers to meet labor demands in a restructured economy increasingly reliant on technology for success in the global market. Even in a climate of severe anti-immigrant sentiments, the U.S. state has managed to enable the corporate sector to reach out to so-called overseas or foreign workers under the aegis of work visas. In this essay I describe how the deployment of this labor force in the United States is strategically organized around a complex set of stateendorsed categories of visas, among them the H-IB, B-I, and L-I, and how the terms of these visas intersect with the neoliberal mandates of flexible employment. I focus on the terms of the visas and their impact on the lived experiences of these workers, as they negotiate a highly fragmented and decentralized employment regime in late capital as a documented but largely marginalized and segregated workforce. Insights offered here are based on qualitative research, including approximately forty semistructured interviews with Indian IT professionals in the United States and fieldwork conducted both in the United States and in India between 2001 and 2005. Interviews typically varied in duration between one to three hours and were tape-recorded, fully transcribed, and then qualitatively coded. The research also included analysis of government documents, such as transcripts of congressional hearings on U.S. work-visa policies and reports from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Government Accountability Office (GAO). Data excerpts selected for this essay represent the forty interviews conducted for this study and reflect some of the central themes concerning visa-related experiences that nearly all the participants addressed during the course of the research. The intricate and varied use of the three visa categories has to be understood in two interrelated contexts in late capital: one, the transnational contours of the IT industrial complex between the United States and India and, two, the system of flexible subcontracting. The logic and practice of flexible accumulation - subcontracting and outsourcing on a transnational scale, the hiring of temporary workers, fragmenting and decentralizing production - have restructured the meaning and content of employment in advanced capitalism (Bonacich and Appelbaum 2000; Ong 1991). The management strategy of just in time (JIT) production and delivery used in manufacturing has spread across factories globally and the doctrine of ready to hire and fire has been transplanted to the entire range of U.S. companies in the ways in which they obtain IT services. In their efforts to keep employee rosters lean and to minimize the obligations associated with maintaining large in-house labor pools, U.S. companies proceeded to externalize their IT projects, sending them to consulting firms to execute and manage. …

Background: Adult-use cannabis legalization is being increasingly embraced by various jurisdictions in the United States (US) and internationally. As adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the negative consequences of cannabis, it is essential to ensure that the effects of adult-use legalization are minimized. Objectives: This review aimed to synthesize the extant literature exploring the impact of adult-use legalization on adolescents and provide recommendations for future action. We focused on the following domains: 1) prevalence of use, 2) high-frequency use, 3) perceived harm, 4) perceived availability, 5) modes of use, 6) potency, 7) mental health and medical outcomes, and 8) legal consequences. Methods: Narrative review is focused on adult-use legalization in the US. Results: Adolescent cannabis use prevalence in US legal (as well as illegal) states has remained essentially stable since the advent of adult-use legalization. Criminal penalties for adolescents have not decreased in legal states and maybe increasing; out-of-school suspensions for cannabis use may also be increasing. It is uncertain whether reported decreases in national rates of perceived harm and availability and increases in cannabis frequency and potency of use in adolescents differ between legal and illegal states. The impact of legalization on adolescent health outcomes remains uncertain. Conclusion: At this early stage of adult-use legalization, we recommend that jurisdictions implement real-time, detailed monitoring to assess adolescent outcomes. In addition, both criminal penalties and out-of-school suspensions for cannabis infractions should be minimized.

The Purest Democrat: Fetal Citizenship and Subjectivity in the Construction of Democracy in Poland

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's (1898) and Economics stands as a landmark in the feminist economic analysis of gender relations and increasingly is also recognized as a pioneering work of American institutionalist economics (see Mary Ann Dimand, 1995). Because it stands out so strongly as a major contribution, and Economics has been perceived as an isolated work, apart from links to Lester Ward's sociology and parallels with the contemporary writings of Thorstein Veblen. This paper, however, views and Economics as the culmination of four decades of American feminist economic thought, beginning with Caroline Dall and Virginia Penny, and draws attention to Gilman's connection with that tradition through Helen Campbell. This tradition is so little known that the names of these four women do not even appear in Dorothy Ross's (1991) excellent Origins of American Social Science, even though Dall founded the American Social Science Association (ASSA), referred to by Ross (1991 p. 63) as the mother of associations, including the American Economic Association, and even though Campbell won a prize from the American Economic Association for Wage-Earners (Campbell, 1893), which was published with an introduction by Richard T. Ely. Caroline Wells Healey Dall (1822-1912) first became interested in feminism in 1837-1838 as a result of Harriet Martineau's (1837) chapter on The Political Non-existence of Women in the United States and an address on women's rights given at the Boston Lyceum by Amasa Walker, an underground railway activist soon to become professor of political economy at Oberlin. In 1841, Dall (then Caroline Healey) attended a series of ten weekly conversations led by the feminist author Margaret Fuller, publishing her notes of these conversations more than half a century later. While teaching school in Georgetown in the early 1840's before her marriage, she undertook the first census of free blacks in the District of Columbia, in order to organize schools for them, and in the early 1850s, while living in Toronto (where her husband was a Unitarian minister), she acted as Canadian agent for a society aiding fugitive slaves. Dall remained in her native Boston with her two children when her husband sailed to India as a missionary (where he stayed for the remaining 30 years of his life). She reported to a women's rights convention in Boston in 1855 on the legal status of women, following with a series of annual reports on that status, and with organization of the New England Rights Convention in Boston in 1859. A precursor of Charlotte Perkins Gilman among American feminists, Dall went beyond the suffrage question and unequal laws on property rights to a critique of the economic role of women in a series of three public lectures in Boston in November 1859, published as Woman's Right to Labor; or Low Wages and Hard Work (1860). Together with two series of lectures on women's right to education and rights under the law, this series was incorporated in Dall's major work, College, the Market, and the Courts; or Women's Relation to Education, Labor, and the Law (1867). Dall (1867 [1972 p. 179]) attributed women' s discontent to restricted opportunities for paid employment, for it was no longer the case that every woman found, in spinning, weaving, and sewing in the active life of a ... household, full employment for time and thought. In moving from a survey of women's unequal legal status to a critique of women' s repressed economic role, Dall followed the same path as the British activist Barbara Bodichon (whose 1859 pamphlet, and Work, appeared in a revised American edition in 1959) and, later, Jeanne Chauvin (1892) in France. * Department of Economics, Brock University, St. Ca tharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada (e-mail: dimandCc adam.econ.brocku.ca).

This article presents different concepts and theories of socialization and asks for their implications for learning in organizational contexts. It is argued that theories of socialization can focus on the organization itself or on the thoughts and intentions of the organization’s members. However, in order to understand learning processes in organizations, it is important to consider the interrelation between the organization and the individual as well as to comprehend socialization in organizations as a social practice.

The Handbook, edited by eminent professors of accounting Garry D. Carnegie (Australia) and Christopher J. Napier (the United Kingdom), was published by Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd in September 2023 in the “Research Hand-book on Accounting” series. This comprehensive publication (pp. 507 + XVI) is a compendium of knowledge on the interconnections between accounting, accountability, and governance. It includes an Introduction by the editors and 21 chapters authored by 45 specialists in the fields of accounting, accountability, and governance. The authors come from various countries, including the United Kingdom and Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, some Western countries of continental Europe (Finland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain), as well as Canada, the United States of America, and Saudi Arabia. The general thesis of the entire collection of chapters is that “accounting, accountability and governance go beyond being technical practices to be learned, adopted and repeated, and must be studied as social and moral practices.” In turn, the purpose of the Handbook is to provide confirmation that accounting, accountability, and governance are interrelated “as three sides of a triangle”. The editors synthesized the links between these three social practices as follows: “accounting performs accountability, accountability nurtures governance, governance presumes accounting” (Carnegie, Napier, 2023, p. 1). According to the definition recently formulated by Carnegie, Parker, and Tsahuridu (2021, p. 69), accounting “is a technical, social and moral practice concerned with the sustainable utilisation of resources and proper accountability to stakeholders to enable the flourishing of organisations, people and nature.” They added: “Accounting is not a mere neutral, benign, technical practice” (2021, p. 72). This redefinition of accounting is applied by Carnegie and Napier (2023, p. 20). Accountability and the provision of useful information for decision-making by various stakeholders of an economic entity are the main functions of accounting. Mattessich (1995, p. 2) even stated that accountability is “the beginning and end of accounting.” He emphasized that the importance of accounting “lies in its function as a cybernetic mechanism (a feedback that controls and regulates) that preserves confidence in the trustees of public and private resources and financial markets no less than in the entire economic system” (Mattessich, 1995, p. 2). Accounting influences the actions and behav-iors of people, economic entities, and other parties in socio-economic and natural environments. While accounting is a technical practice, it is also a social and moral one, making it a multidimensional practice with the potential to shape a better world (see, for instance, Carnegie, 2023). Accountability means “the duty to provide an account (but by no means necessarily a financial account) or reckoning of those actions for which one is held responsible,” and it “involves two responsibilities or duties: the responsibility to undertake certain action (or forbear from taking actions) and the responsibility to provide an account of those actions” (Gray et al., 1996, p. 38). Accounting is a key device for the discharge of accountability both within and outside organizations (Carnegie, Napier, 2023, p. 19). An economic entity’s internal and external accountability requires periodic internal reports, financial statements and non-financial or sustainable development reports. Tradi-tionally, financial accounting and management accounting have been the primary traditional tools for providing information for these reports. The notion of governance dates to ancient times and it is of interest to political science and many social science disciplines. Accounting scholars, investors and regulatory bodies have developed a wide interest in corporate gov-ernance, especially since the early 1970s (Lai et al., 2023, pp. 28–29). “Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined” (OECD, 2015, p. 9). The need for internal and ex-ternal (economic, social and environmental) accountability shapes the design, implementation and operation of corporate governance. Given the connections expressed above, the Handbook identifies three dimensions of accounting – technical, social and moral practices – as inherent to accountability and governance in this era of the concern for, and need to operationalize, sustainable development globally, particularly in alignment with the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (UN, 2015, p. 14). Highlighting the interconnectedness of accounting, accountability and governance is essential to achieving better outcomes for organizations, society and the planet.

This study examined the relationship between children's locus of control and their perceptions of their fathers' and mothers' socialization practices in intact, rural families in Brazil, the Philippines, and the United States. Results showed that Brazilian children scored significantly higher in locus of control, followed by Filipino and American children, respectively. Significant differences were found in locus of control scores between younger and older children in the three samples. Moreover, American and Filipino children's perceptions of their parents' socialization practices were significantly correlated with their locus of control scores. Only one significant relationship was found between Brazilian children's locus of control scores and their parents' socialization practices. The cultural implications of these findings are discussed.

Research Article| October 01 1960 National Policy and Rates of Economic Growth: The United States, Soviet Russia, and Western Europe Calvin B. Hoover Calvin B. Hoover Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google South Atlantic Quarterly (1960) 59 (4): 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-59-4-477 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Calvin B. Hoover; National Policy and Rates of Economic Growth: The United States, Soviet Russia, and Western Europe. South Atlantic Quarterly 1 October 1960; 59 (4): 477–489. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-59-4-477 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsSouth Atlantic Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1960 by Duke University Press1960 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Journal Article The Foreign Policy of the Powers: France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Soviet Russia, the United States Get access 6. The Foreign Policy of the Powers: France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Soviet Russia, the United States. By Jules Cambon, Richard von Kühlmann, Austen Chamberlain, Dino Grandi, Viscount Ishii, Karl Radek, John W. Davis. With an introduction by Hamilton Fish Armstrong. 1935. (New York: Harpers, for the Council on Foreign Relations. 8vo. 161 pp. $1.50.) A. Z. A. Z. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 14, Issue 3, May-June 1935, Pages 407–408, https://doi.org/10.2307/2603760 Published: 01 May 1935

Using nationally representative survey data, this research note examines the association between immigrant legal status and poverty in the United States. Our objective is to test whether estimates of this association vary depending on the method used to infer legal status in survey data, focusing on two approaches in particular: (1) inferring legal status using a logical imputation method that ignores the existence of legal-status survey questions (logical approach); and (2) defining legal status based on survey questions about legal status (survey approach). We show that the two methods yield contrasting conclusions. In models using the logical approach, among noncitizens, being a legal permanent resident (LPR) is counterintuitively associated with a significantly greater net probability of being below the poverty line compared with their noncitizen peers without LPR status. Conversely, using the survey approach to measure legal status, LPR status is associated with a lower net probability of living in poverty, which is in line with a growing body of qualitative and small-sample evidence. Consistent with simulation experiments carried out by Van Hook et al. (2015), the findings call for a more cautious approach to interpreting research results based on legal status imputations and for greater attention to potential biases introduced by various methodological approaches to inferring individuals' legal status in survey data. Consequently, the approach used for measuring legal status has important implications for future research on immigration and legal status.

The global community has long been recognized as influencing and being influenced by United States social work education, research, and practice. Schools of social work and social services organizations in many countries as well as the United States have sponsored study trips outside of their borders for students and professionals for decades, activities sometimes referred to as cross-national learning (Askeland & Payne, 2001). Social workers often look to other countries for ideas about how to tackle local problems and to help new client populations. Successful national social policies, particularly from Europe, have been viewed as ripe for imitation in the United States, just as social work interventions initiated in the United States have been adapted elsewhere. Caveats always exist regarding the relevance of applying social work principles from one country to the next, particularly in relation to Western and non-Western countries (Al-Krenawi & Graham, 2001). But has this long-standing and irrefutably sound attempt to learn more about other countries been reflected in the articles published in key U.S. social work journals? The answer, increasingly, is yes. Method To learn to what extent contributors outside of the United States (as designated by their professional affiliation) publish in U.S. journals, seven major social work journals were reviewed for the 24 months leading up to September 11, 2001 (July 1999 through June/July 2001). Those seven journals were then reviewed for the same years one and two decades earlier (June/July 1989 through June/July 1991 and June/July 1979 through June/ July 1981) to see to what extent there had been a change in the past 20 years in the number of articles contributed by authors outside the United States. For this count (1,715 publications), only articles, regardless of length, were considered. Book reviews, letters to the editor, editorials, point and viewpoints discussions, author debates, columns, and nation-specific conference proceedings and reports were excluded. The seven U.S. journals have been used in the past for studies of trends in social work literature (for example, Quam & Austin, 1984; Van Voorhis & Wagner, 2001). The journals are Child Welfare, Families in Society, Health & Social Work, Journal of Social Work Education, Social Service Review, Social Work, and Social Work Research. Two observations are relevant that make a definitive count problematic. First, a few U.S. authors wrote about experiences in other countries. As a result, a more global perspective may be present in the journal than may be counted. Second, and contradicting the first, a few contributors from outside of the United States used U.S. data for their research. Thus, it should not be assumed that a contributor was necessarily writing about issues specific to the author's country of origin. Patel and Sumathipala (2001), two British psychiatrists, reviewed three U.S. and three European psychiatric journals for the years 1996-1998 to learn to what extent authors from non-Western countries were represented in the publications. In their methodology, they considered contributions from Western Europe (not Israel) and the United States as Western. The U.S. journals were much less likely to have contributions from the rest of the world than European journals--non-Western contributors accounted for between 1.3 percent and 2.5 percent in the three U.S. journals, compared with 6.1 percent to 15 percent in the three European journals. Cetingok (1999) reviewed 33 social work journals between 1977 and 1996 for foreign contributions and content. He found that 6.4 percent of the articles were contributed by authors outside of the United States, with Canada, Israel, Australia, and Great Britain the most frequently represented. Overall, foreign contributions more than doubled between 1977 and 1981 and 1992 and 1996. Findings For the most recent years reviewed, 1999-2001, 90. …