Abstract

We conducted a study to evaluate the performance of Terahertz Continuous Variable Quantum Key Distribution (THz CVQKD) systems in atmospheric conditions with the finite-size effect. Our research delved into the secure key rates and transmission distances of THz CVQKD for four protocols, all based on Gaussian coherent states, under the threat of collective Gaussian attacks. These protocols include reverse reconciliation with homodyne detection, direct reconciliation with homodyne detection, reverse reconciliation with heterodyne detection, and direct reconciliation with heterodyne detection. Our findings revealed distinctive key rates across various THz frequencies and protocols. However, the finite-size effect had a diminishing impact on the key rates of CVQKD in all scenarios. Fortunately, by harnessing a substantial number of keys exceeding 1012 and optimizing modulation variance, both the key rates and transmission distances of THz CVQKD can be significantly extended. This research contributes to advancing the practicality of THz CVQKD technology.

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