The Fenian Sisterhood, Ladies Land Leaguers and the Women’s Suffrage Question: The Representation of Women in the Victorian Irish Press

In Belgium, like in numerous other democracies, the representation of women in parliament has risen sharply in recent decades, partly because of gender quota legislation. This rapid evolution implies that traditional notions on the presence of gender bias in media reporting need to be re-assessed. Relying on data from more than six thousand full newscasts, we examine the allotted speaking time to members of parliament (MPs) from 2003 until 2011 in the two main television news broadcasts in the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium. Multilevel regression analyses were conducted to determine which factors influence the probability and volume of television news coverage of MPs. The results indicate that—even controlling for alternative explanations—news media persist in a biased treatment of female MPs: Female MPs are significantly less likely to be allotted speaking time, and they receive less speaking time than their male colleagues. Moreover, results show that this gap in media coverage is present especially for elite and thus newsworthy positions. Apparently, gender bias in the media persists, even when the political system evolves rapidly toward equal representation.

Presentations of couples as supportive are a foregrounding motif in Chika Unigwe's Night Dancer. This traditional notion is still very topical especially in ensuring that the union lasts as long as they are alive. However, the female still believe that the paramount duty of the male is family provision while the female is a care provider. Nevertheless, there is a paradigm shift, such that, resources are harnessed together to sustain the family due to economic pressure. This paper examines some negative strains of culture in marriages and how the role complementarity plays in marriage, especially in a culture where tradition emphasizes male dominance. The outcome is the ensuing interrogation of the universalizing qualities of the womanist ideology with its tenet of complementarity. This equally questions the concept of equality at the long run. Therefore, when the partners contribute financially, will the issue of dominance and superiority in marriage not be questioned? This paper concludes with the notion that despite the politics of difference that endeavours to weaken women's liberation, womanist theory is still a panacea to understanding the mindset of the women via their experiences. This will equally distinct reality from stereotypes.

The Introduction sets out the key aims of this book: to reveal lesser-known voices in Ovidian reception studies, particularly by shifting the focus onto French and francophone writing and culture, and to contribute a wider historical perspective to the complex question of Ovid and gender. It emphasizes the value of a historical and non-Anglophone perspective for understandings of both Ovid’s reception and (proto-)feminist writing, showing how a longer view allows us to explore and challenge the notion of a female tradition of Ovidian reception. The first half of the Introduction examines Ovid’s representations of women and gender and the divided scholarship on this topic, set against a broader survey of feminist responses to Classics. In the second half, the Introduction offers an overview of Ovid’s reception in French, situating the authors and texts studied in this volume in context, from the medieval Christine de Pizan’s criticisms of Ovidian misogyny to Céline Sciamma’s evocation of Ovid in her 2019 film Portrait de la jeune fille en feu. Finally, the Introduction reflects on new directions in Ovidian reception studies, as demonstrated by Marie Cosnay’s eco-critical response to the Metamorphoses in this volume’s epilogue.

India’s Crisis of Governance: The Women’s Perspective

Reviewed by: Politics, Religion and the Press: Irish Journalism in Mid-Victorian England Michael De Nie Politics, Religion and the Press: Irish Journalism in Mid-Victorian England, by Anthony McNicholas, pp. 370. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007. $84.95. The nineteenth-century Irish newspaper press has been largely ignored by historians. This is strange, for two reasons. First, as in Britain, the Victorian era in Ireland witnessed an explosion in the number and variety of local, regional, and national newspapers. Second, the nineteenth century is the most studied and arguably, the most important, era in the history of Anglo-Irish relations—a history in which Irish newspapers played no small part. Historians of physical force and constitutional nationalists in Ireland and the United States have, of course, acknowledged the role of the press in fund raising, political organization, and the spread of national feeling, even if they have not made news-papers their particular object of study. Rather less—or truthfully, almost nothing—has been said of the Irish press in Britain. Although the Irish experience in Victorian Britain has been one of the more vibrant fields of inquiry in the past twenty years, newspapers and the role they played in diasporic Irish nationalism have been largely overlooked. Anthony McNicholas's Politics, Religion and the Press represents the first of what one hopes will be many forays into this topic. This book is particularly valuable because it not only offers detailed case studies of three London Irish papers, but also skillfully analyzes the political and religious contexts within which they operated and eventually, and sometimes quickly, failed. McNicholas has selected three newspapers active in the 1860s, when, owing to the immigration of the famine years, it became possible to establish a popular Irish press in Britain. The mid century press contained numerous short-lived ventures, but even in a time when publishing was volatile, two of the three papers McNicholas examines were strikingly ephemeral. Only one, the Universal News (1860–1869), lasted more than a year,with the Irish Liberator hanging on for ten months (October, 1863 to July, 1864) and the Irish News managing a mere four issues in the spring of 1867. After considerable detective work across a range of scattered and incomplete sources, McNicholas has managed to assemble a surprisingly detailed account of the editorship, shareholders, and distribution of these newspapers, as well as the intramural conflicts and funding woes they shared with most fledgling periodicals. But this book offers much more than three institutional histories. McNicholas is concerned above all with the role of these papers in relations between the two most important forces in the mid-century Irish community in Britain, the Catholic church and the Fenians. By the 1860s both groups, for their own reasons, desired to use the popular press to reach the significant number of Irishmen and women living in Britain. The Fenians and [End Page 146] such associated organizations as the National Brotherhood of St. Patrick were engaged in a transatlantic effort to rekindle Irish national feeling and secure Ireland's independence through armed revolution. The Catholic church was seeking to maintain contact with, organize, and protect from Protestant proselytizers the recent huge influx of lower-class Irish Catholics, many of them only nominally churched. Owing to the wide dispersal of the immigrant population, the church played a central role in the social organization of Irish life in Britain and exercised considerable influence on the dealers and shops that specialized in Catholic literature and newspapers. Although the distribution networks for these newspapers were organized on confessional lines—nondenominational papers, Catholic papers, and so on—the exact identity of their audience was sometimes contested. The simplest rendering of the question editors faced is, should the readers be addressed as Irish or as Catholic? In its early years the editors of the Universal News and their clerical allies believed that the readership could be identified as both equally, even if addressing the mas such quickly drove away English Catholic or Protestant readers. But as the secular separatist nationalist movement grew, the relationship between the church and the journalists became increasingly brittle."And it was this relationship," McNicholas argues, "more than the poverty, or lack...

The practice of veiling has made Muslim women subject to dual oppressions—racism and Islamophobia—in society at large and patriarchal oppression and sexism from within their communities. Based on a narrative analysis of the politics of veiling in schools and society, the voices of young Muslim women attending a Canadian Islamic school speak to the contested notion of gender identity in Islam. The narratives situate their various articulations of Islamic womanhood in ways that both affirm and challenge traditional religious notions. At the same time they also are subject to Orientalist1 representations of veiled and burqa clad women that represent them as oppressed and backward. Focusing on ethnographic accounts of veiling among Muslims girls who attended a gender-segregated Islamic high school in Toronto, this discussion allows a deeper understanding of how gendered religious identities are constructed in the schooling experiences of these Muslim youth.

The transmission and expression of women’s ideas in Korean popular culture is a global phenomenon that has attracted a wide audience, including teenagers. The different channels through which these ideas are disseminated, such as music, music videos, and social media platforms, aim to understand the influence of the Korean Wave in shaping gender equality and female empowerment. Using a mixed methodology, including content analysis and comments collections, the study revealed the significant impact of Korean pop culture on young people’s self-identity and values. Examples include the different influences and inspirations that different teenagers receive as a result of this culture and the reaction after watching the music video of a K-pop girls’ group. The study concludes that the representation of women’s ideas in Korean popular culture not only challenges traditional notions of gender but also promotes a more egalitarian perspective of thought, helping teenagers to set up the correct social feminine values, and contributing to the continuous development of women’s autonomy and identity.

This research aims to address the representations of women in the poetry of Khalil Hawi, and to prove their multiplicity and diversity, and that they are closely related to the poet’s personal and ideological life. The research followed the descriptive and analytical method, in investigating the subject in question, clarifying it and supporting it with poetic evidence. The research ended with a set of results according to which women had a remarkable presence in Khalil Hawi's poetry, through a group of representations, Hawi succeeded in dealing with them objectively and artistically. The most prominent of these representations were: the mother woman and the beloved woman. Hawi was able to take this issue to broad symbolic horizons affecting the national issue that plagued him throughout his life.

"Women's language" is a critical cultural category and an unavoidable part of practical social knowledge in contemporary Japan. In this article, I examine the genealogy of Japanese women's language by locating its emergence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when state formation, capitalist accumulation, industrialization, and radical class reconfiguration were taking off. I show how particular speech forms were carved out as women's language in a network of diverse modernization practices. I theorize the historical relationship between Japan's linguistic modernity—language standardization, the rise of the novel, and print capitalism—and the emergence of Japanese women's language, [gender and language, modernity, language ideology, metapragmatics, reported speech, Japan, Japanese women, effective history]

The chapter provides an overview of the history of online gaming, highlighting its evolution from the early days of home video games to the emergence of online gaming communities and the rise of eSports. It also explores the gender dynamics within the gaming industry, discussing the challenges and discrimination faced by female gamers and the efforts to create a more inclusive gaming environment. The chapter further examines women's roles as players, game designers, objects of the male gaze, and viewers in the gaming industry, emphasising women's increasing participation and contributions in various capacities. It discusses women's representation in games and objectification's impact on female gamers. Additionally, it touches on the importance of diversity and inclusivity in the gaming industry and the role of online gaming as a social platform. The chapter also attempts to address the gendered themes in popular online games and the potential for alternative gaming experiences to challenge traditional notions of gender in gaming.

This article aims to throw new light on the representation of women who cook as necessarily perpetuating a domestic ideology in which women are confined to the home. Traditionally, cookbooks written by women have disseminated both cooking information and rules and practices for running an effective household, which have contributed to the ideologies that underpin female domestic practice. However, the evolution of social media platforms, such as Pinterest, which enable the user to actively select and visually display culinary masterpieces on a digital pinboard, have provided a forum for women's voices and a novel means of expression that is available to the amateur cook and professional chef alike. This article will argue that the creation of a virtual cookbook, via Pinterest, is a means of empowering women, which is central to the lexicon of feminist debate. Rather than being the victims of domestic servitude, this article will argue that the women who create virtual cookbooks do so by choice, and as a means of pleasing the self, irrespective of achieving domestic or marital bliss.

Development of scientific programs on the wear resistance is determined by economical significance of this issue for the development of productive potential of the world’s countries. Deterioration is the main reason for removal of machinery and equipment from service; that is why controlling of the process of wear is the central core for such national scale issues as saving of non-renewable energy resources like hydrocarbon fuel and reducing the consumption of lubricants and structural materials. The condition of selective transfer in friction discovered by D.N. Garkunov and I.V. Kragelsky is the only effect theoretically admitting wearlessness (Garkunov, 2001). However, insufficiently developed physical and chemical basis for the theory of selective transfer hinders its wide deployment in engineering practices. The most controversial issue in the theory of selective transfer is considered to be the nature of products of chemical modification of friction surface. Traditional notions that are associated with the formation on a surface of either relatively simple inorganic compounds or tribopolymers are not sufficient to explain the unique tribotechnical characteristics in self-organizing friction systems. Considering the electronic structure of the rubbing metals, chemical properties of molecules of the active lubricant components, as well as the conditions of a frictional contact, one can expect that during friction of metals in the condition of selective transfer, in addition to normally expected products of the friction surface chemical modification, coordination compounds are generated. Those compounds, being more stable than tribopolymers and less stable than inorganic products of chemical modification can ensure a mass transfer process under the conditions of almost no-wear friction (Garkunov, 2001). Therefore, development of the fundamentals of the selective transfer theory and development of lubricants to put it into practice require considering the dynamics of physical and chemical processes and factors catalyzing the formation of complex compounds during friction, and their subsequent coordination on the surface. It is incontrovertible that with the help of additives it is possible to control almost all properties of lubricants. This being the case, oil acts as a carrier of the chemical reaction components, and a friction assembly act as a reactor, where processes are controlled not only by the composition of the lubricating medium and the nature of the rubbing surfaces, but also by the presence of external force action. In this connection, the analysis of the development trends for lubrication systems and existing advanced developments in chemmotology allows to highlight the following research directions in this research area:

The study focuses on the links between gender and national security in the legislative arena in Israel, considering whether men and women legislators prioritize security differently, alongside other thematic policy areas. The centrality of national security issues in Israeli politics makes it a good case study for these questions, as it enhances existing gendered stereotypes. The article examines two competing hypotheses. The first suggests that Israeli female legislators will mostly refrain from addressing national security policy issues, focusing instead on softer policy issues, such as gender equality, education, health, and welfare. The second suggests the opposite, claiming that women legislators in Israel will align themselves with their male counterparts’ set of priorities, focusing heavily on issues related to national security. The study finds support mostly for the former: Israeli female legislators are especially active in policy areas relating to women’s issues and children/family and are less active in regard to national security, a policy area heavily dominated by male legislators.

‘If I don’t look good, it just doesn’t go up’: A qualitative study of young women’s drinking cultures and practices on Social Network Sites

This study examines the representation of Arab women in cyber literary works by employing the cyberfeminism criticism perspective. The cyber world in literary works provides capacity for public dialogue while also playing a role in constructing the identity and self-image of women who engage with this content. This study uses a qualitative content analysis design in a deductive way, which was achieved by reviewing selected digital data to examine short stories in cyber literary works. The exploration of cyber literary works that represent Arab women provides an opportunity to identify particular depictions through a feminist critical framework, which include symbolic violence depicted through the negative labeling of women, such as curses, beasts, demons, marionette dolls, and ugly; passive object or women as a property for men to empower or degrade; and the moral authority of men to influence limitations placed on women as it pertains to their freedom and rights. This study highlights Haraway’s (1991) argument that cyberfeminism emphasizes feminist objectivity in shaping ideas and the importance of accountability, position, and alignment. This argument suggests that cyberfeminism seeks to challenge traditional notions of objectivity and strives to recognize one’s own positionality and the power dynamics they may shape. The feminist critique applied to these selected cyber literary works reveals Arab women still experience an identity crisis in the social sphere of digital or cyber society.