The Female Experience of Epidemics in the Early Modern Low Countries

본 연구는 비경제활동 장애여성을 대상으로 포커스 그룹 인터뷰를 실시하였으며, 장애여성 당사자의 경험에 근거하여 비경제활동 상태에 있는 장애여성의 경제활동 참여 확대 방안을 모색하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 주제분석(thematic analysis)을 사용하여 인터뷰를 통해 수집된 자료를 분석한 결과, 1) 구직활동 여건 조성, 2) 취업준비 지원서비스 확대, 3) 맞춤형 일자리 지원, 4) 구직효능감 확대, 5) 장애인에 대한 사회 인식개선, 5개의 주제가 도출되었다. 도출된 각 주제를 바탕으로 편의시설 및 이동권 등 접근권 확대, 활동보조인 및 가사육아도우미 등 장애여성 구직활동 지원 인력 확대, 자립생활센터 및 장애여성 관련기관과의 연계시스템 확대, 동료상담․자조모임 등을 활용한 다양한 취업준비 활동 및 프로그램 마련, 장애여성 맞춤형 일자리 창출 및 경제활동 참여유형 확대, 장애인에 대한 사회 인식개선이 이루어질 필요가 있음을 제언하였다.The study aimed to explore ways of improving how to participate in economic activities based on clinical experience of disabled women who doesn t participate in economic activity. A focus group interview was conducted with six disabled women. The interview were analyzed using thematic analysis. The following five themes were derived : 1) Setting up conditions for finding a job, 2) Expanded support services for job preparation, 3) Customized job creation and support for disabled women who doesn t participate in economic activity, 4) Increase job-seeking efficacy, 5) Improving social awareness of people with disabilities. Based on these finding, the following specific methods for improving how to participate in economic activities for disabled woman who doesn t participate in economic activity were suggested: expansion of access rights such as convenience facilities and right to move; expansion of support staff for job search activities such as an activity assistants and housekeeping assistants; coordination and expansion of employment consulting organizations centered on the disabled independent living center; various employment preparation activity programs using self-help groups, peer counseling, etc.; creating a customized job for disabled woman who doesn t participate in economic activity and expanding the type of participation in economic activities; improving social awareness of people with disabilities.

Using data from the 2012 National Multicultural Family Survey, this study examines various factors that influence female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions in South Korea. The results suggest that household characteristics, human capital and social relations–discrimination factors, as well as experience with employment support services, have significant positive effects on female marriage immigrants’ participation in economic activities and their working conditions. While the government’s employment support services positively affect marriage immigrants’ decision to participate in economic activities, they do not contribute toward improving their working conditions. There is a need for governmental employment support services to take specific actions to help improve the working conditions of immigrant women.

In this study, a dynamic model and a twenty-one-year longitudinal data set are used to investigate whether a youth’s past participation in normal economic activities (i.e. schooling or employment) raises his/her probability of being active in normal economic activities in the future. This increase in probability arises either because participation in normal economic activities modifies individual behavior (true state dependence) or because there exist unobserved component correlated over time (heterogeneity). Moreover, we analyze the relationship between the single-parent family structure and parental work patterns and children’s later decisions to participate in normal economic activities. This study finds that being enrolled in school or participating in the labor market, as a form of human capital investment, raises a youth's probability of participating in normal economic activities in the near future even after accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. After controlling for state dependence, we find that poor economic circumstances and stress from family disruption lead to a negative association between a single-parent family structure and the children's later achievements. In contrast, employed parents, who may act as income contributors, job connectors, and role models, are positively associated with children’s later achievements.

South Africa has an extensive social grant program reaching over 45 percent of the population and which has mitigated high poverty in the post-apartheid epoch. Yet the impacts on urban poor community economic activities are yet to be duly appreciated. As the major capital injection into the local economy amidst a high rate of poverty and unemployment, the fund serves as the catalyst that enables both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries to participate in economic activities. A qualitative study was carried out in Soweto to explore linkages between social grants and participation in local economic activities. The findings show a strong nexus between social grants and participation in local economic activities. The key relevance of this study rests on its evidence-based suggestion of the positive impact of social grants on post-COVID-19 economic recovery, especially in poor urban communities such as Soweto.

The importance of productive activities and roles in society of older adults has been recognized in the contemporary aging societies. Although existing studies have revealed that individual human capital is an important factor in the productive participation of the elderly, the influence of the family has not been systematically considered. Using data from the 2th to 6th wave of Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing(KLoSA), this study examined the effect of the individual and family characteristics on economic activities among older adults. The results are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing all the elderly, only individual human capital characteristics had a significant effect on participation in economic activities. Second, as a result of analyzing male and female older adults separately, it was confirmed that individual characteristics and family characteristics had a significant effect on participation in economic activities. In particular, children's participation in the labor market related to the life changes of family members was an important factor influencing the economic activities of the elderly. Third, when transitioning from a state with some or all children not participating in the labor market to a state with all children participating in the labor market, it was found that male seniors are less likely to participate in economic activities while female seniors are more likely to participate in economic activities. Based on these research results, academic and policy implications were discussed.

This study aimed to examine factors influencing Korean elderly participation in economic activities. We conducted a logistic regression analysis using data from 550 elderly people aged 65 years or more in 15 cities and provinces. It was found that elementary school graduates, high monthly income, high level of IADL, house owners, high levels of support from family, friends, and neighbors, and residential environment were factors associated with higher participation in economic activities. The possibility of participation in economic activities increased as the degree of IADL increased in individual factors. In economic factors, those with a high monthly income and those who owned homes were more likely to participate in economic activities. In social and environmental factors, the possibility of economic activity increased when support from family, friends, and neighbors and the level of housing environment were increased. Based on these findings, ways to promote a stable life for the elderly and implications for practice and research are discussed.

The study assessed gender participation and decision making role in economic activities using data collected from 120 respondents. The results revealed that female participation was frequent in crop post-harvest activities and poultry management while male participation was frequent in crop pre-harvest operations only. Female respondents participated occasionally in home gardening, goat rearing, hair dressing and food processing. Educational level, years of experience, personal income and credit obtained significantly influenced the level of gender participation in economic activities. The Males always made decisions on selection of crop variety, spending money, saving money, buying of necessities, and children‟s education, while females always made decision on types of food for home consumption only. Age and income of respondents were the significant factors that influenced the level of gender involvement in decision making. Provision of credit facilities, sensitization on the importance of women involvement in decision making and mobilization of farmers to form co-operative societies are necessary impetus for improving women participation in economic activities and decision making.

In this study, the effect of China’s family structure on the labor supply (economic activity participation and working hours) of married women in China is analyzed using 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS). In defining the family structure, the parents of married women and the parents of their husbands were distinguished separately. It is also different from previous research that the Instrumental variable method is used to take into account the endogeneity of the family structure. Those are main results. First, the effect of the family structure on the participation of married women in economic activities was found to be that the more women who live in the same home as their parents, the higher the participation of married women in economic activities. In particular, the participation in economic activities was higher when living with the mother of woman rather than the mother of her husband. Numerically, for married women who lived with their mothers, economic participation was 99 percent higher than for married women who did not. Second, regarding married women’s working hours, it was found that marri ed women’s working hours increased significantly when they lived in the same living area or nearby areas, rather than when they lived in the same home. These results suggest that one of the reasons for the continued decline in women’s participation in economic activities in China since 2000 may have been linked to nuclear familyization. The analysis of the time series data of CHNS also supports this prediction, which shows that the proportion of non-parent households in China increased from 47.9 percent in 2000 to 61.5 percent in 2011. Therefore, in order to attract women to participate in economic activities, it can be considered how to subsidize housing purchases if they live with parents’ generation or live in a nearby area.

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in socio-demographic characteristics, depression, and life satisfaction between the elderly participating and the non-participating in economic activities, and to identify variables that affect participation in economic activities in old age. For the purpose, we conducted Chi-square test, t-Test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Binomial logistic regression analysis on the raw data of 10,097 people over 65 years old from 『Survey on the Status of the Elderly in 2020』. The main results were as follows : 1) There were higher proportion of subjects male, younger, higher educated, with a spouse, with higher income, with good subjective health, and living with a spouse in the participating group than in the non-participating economic activity group. In addition, the participating group in economic activities had higher satisfaction with health status, economic status, social-leisure-cultural activities, relationships with friends or community, and life as a whole, and lower depression. 2) As a result of the binomial logistic regression analysis, the model was statistically significant and had an explanatory power of 24.0%. All variables except satisfaction with economic status were significant factors influencing participation in economic activities in old age. The elderly male, younger, less-educated, living alone, higher-income, higher satisfaction with health status and relationships with friends or community, lower satisfaction with social-leisure-cultural activities and life as a whole, and with lower depression were more likely to participate in economic activities. Finally, based on the results of this study, several limitations and suggestions for follow-up research and policy direction were added.

The purpose of this study is to empirically verify the mediating effect of social capital in the effect of the elderly's participation in economic activities on successful aging, centering on the Chungbuk region. To this end, frequency analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model analysis were conducted on the original data after a survey of 229 people living in the Chungbuk region for 4 weeks from February 1 to February 28, 2025. The main research results obtained through the analysis are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the correlation between major variables, the elderly's participation in economic activities had a significant positive correlation with successful aging and social capital. Second, a significant mediating effect of social capital was confirmed in the relationship between the elderly's participation in economic activities and successful aging. Based on the above research results, suggestions for welfare policies and practices for the elderly were added.

Closely related to the demographic dynamics and the changes in reproductive behavior, it has been observed in Latin America a marked increase of women participation in economic activities. We talk about a gender dividend insofar as this process may turn into a direct contribution of women to the countries’ economic growth and development, complementing and fostering the demographic dividend. Using data from the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) project as well as projections of economically active population and economic output per capita for the Latin American countries – which are available at ECLAC, OECD and other sources – this study aims at describing and projecting (1) women’s labor force participation and earnings in economic activity in a context of gender equality and (2) the magnitude of the related gender dividend (defined as the increase in economic output per person as women achieve economic parity with men in labor markets), vis a vis the economic magnitude of the demographic dividend. This study intends to be a contribution to the theoretical and methodological development of the topic and to contribute to raising awareness and capacity in the countries of the region in assessing the economic impact of demographic changes and incorporating a gender-based approach into sustainable development and poverty reduction policies.

One key factor that appears to be crucial in the rejection of quarantines, isolation and other social controls during epidemic outbreaks is trust—or rather distrust. Much like news reporting and...

This study investigates the role of female participation on the economic activity, in the case of Bonga Town of south west region which is the capital city of Kafa Zone and 4490 km south west of Addis Ababa. The general objective of the study is to assess the role of female Participation on the economic activity in Bonga . The specific objectives were to examine the role of female Participation on the economic activity. Female participation on economic activity is essential not only for achieving inequality in the society but also for reducing poverty. The research primarily used Primary data collected from the sample study through questionnaires. It also used Secondary data obtained from reviewing available materials. The study used descriptive method to describe and interpret the details of female participation on economic activity. Data were evaluated by using SPSS. The study found that female participation in economic activities enable in speeding growth by increasing productivity, food security, reduce poverty, and promote efficiency, helping future generation and sustainable development. It also allows personal well-being, households to feed themselves and their family members, better housing condition and nutrition. The study also identified some challenges that the female face in their economic activity such as Lack of access to credit both formal and informal and legal regulatory barriers that prevent female in some area of the study from full participation in economic activity. Keywords : Women, Education, Economic activity and poverty DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-10-05 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

High level of vulnerability of urban farmers to economic shocks occasioned by variability in climate often hampers their effective participation in economic activities. Lack of information on the vulnerability status of urban households often limit their effective participation in economic activities. This study assessed the vulnerability status of urban farmers in South-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study was obtained from two hundred and eighty nine (289) households that were randomly selected from three States in South-south Nigeria and analyzed using vulnerability index analysis. The results indicated that the vulnerability of urban farmers in the area is caused by lack of access to formal credit (0.95), lack of access to land (0.86), low asset value (0.82), loss of primary income earner (0.81), loss of productive asset (0.73), low farm income (0.71), high dependent population and low level of education (0.69). Also, households that were totally dependent on farm income were 66% more likely to be vulnerable to economic shocks. The study shows the economic vulnerability of urban farmers is high and recommends capacity building, provision of formal credit and provision of land in cities for urban agriculture.

Because the values associated with sex roles are particularly tenacious, women's emancipation is likely to be one of the last frontiers of any social movement, and thus serves as a crude index of social change. More importantly, a focus on women's role in development reflects a great deal about the internal or invisible workings of a society that underlie the more visible formal structures. Researchers have observed a positive relationship between women's participation in economic activities and higher levels of economic development (Wilensky, 1968), with the result that female labor force participation rates have occasionally been used as indicators of development. In the same way as such linear schemes as Rostow's (1971) stage theory, these assumptions are based on the Western'i capitalist model and ignore the crucial relationships with the rest of the world. Recent studies question the belief that economic development enhances the status of women in the work force. Even in the highly-developed U.S. economy, Knudsen (1969:183) demonstrates a gradual but persistent decline in women's occupational economic and educational achievements, compared to those of men. Changes in economic systems may actually decrease women's participation in economic activities in underdeveloped countries, especially where traditional activities which were in the hands of women come to be replaced by modern male-dominated activities (Boserup, 'The development of many of the ideas in this paper took place during the Social Science Research Council-sponsored Inter-American Training Seminar on Feminine Perspectives in Social Science Research in Latin America, summer of 1974. I am grateful to all the other participants in the seminar who showed their willingness to exchange ideas, especially to Carmen Diana Deere and Heleieth Saffioti - whose stimulation is most responsible for the ideas expressed in this paper. A special thanks also goes to Charles Wood, who made invaluable suggestions throughout the development of this analysis, and to Harley Browning for first sparking my interest in the labor