Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown multiple roles of the tumor microenvironment (TME) components, specifically the extracellular matrix (ECM), in breast cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Aside from the biophysical properties and biochemical composition of the breast ECM, the signaling molecules are extremely important in maintaining homeostasis, and in the breast TME, they serve as the key components that facilitate tumor progression and immune evasion. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), the mediators that convey messages between the cells and their microenvironment through signaling molecules, have just started to capture attention in breast cancer research. In this comprehensive review, we first provide an overview of the impact of ECM in breast cancer progression as well as the alterations occurring in the TME during this process. The critical importance of EVs and their biomolecular contents in breast cancer progression and metastasis are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the potential biomedical or clinical applications of these extracellular components, as well as how they impact treatment outcomes.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women
Significant advances have been made in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, including surgical removal of the primary tumor, metastasis of breast tumors to distal organs such as bone, lung and liver [2] remains the main cause of cancer-related deaths [3]
This review provides an introduction to how the extracellular matrix (ECM) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulate the breast
Summary
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in women. According to the American. While the effect of ECM structure, biochemical composition, and biomechanical properties on breast cancer development and progression has widely been studied, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has just started to capture attention in the cancer field [11]. EVs are small, membrane-derived particles excreted by cells to the extracellular space They are integral components of ECM [11] and serve as mediators in multiple biochemical signaling cascades. Previous review papers have focused on the biology of EVs and their role in intercellular communications, and few have covered their role in Theybreast transport biomolecules between cells and tissues and as such could play a vital role in breast cancer development [10,11]. Previous papers have focused on the biology breast cancer progression, and describe the specific review importance of EVs and their contents in breast progression and metastasis.
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