Abstract
Some recent scholarship has focused on concerns that implementation and compliance difficulties are undermining the legitimacy of European Union environmental policies and even the EU itself. Other officials and analysts, however, contend that environmental policy is one of the EU's most successful policy areas. While most discuss ‘legitimacy’ in unspecified or dichotomous terms, it is instead a more nuanced and contested concept. This study investigates several evolving and interacting bases of legitimacies associated with ‘permissive acceptance’ (based upon functional need, scientific and technical authority, and policy effectiveness), ‘appropriateness’ (based upon normative consensus, legalization, and adjudication), democracy (based upon representation, participation, and deliberation), and identity (based upon global leadership and ‘othering’). These legitimacies vary in terms of their strength, stability, and durability among the multiple European actors and institutions.
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