The Evolution of the gut dysbiosis theory

Background. Currently, the problem of diagnosing, treating, and preventing purulent-destructive diseases of the bronchopulmonary system in children remains relevant due to a large number of pulmonary pleural forms and complications of acute necrotizing pneumonia, accompanied by pyofibrinothorax, which leads to adhesion formation in the pleural cavity. The purpose: based on a summary of the available literature, to present the clinical and paraclinical features of pneumonias caused by common pathogens in children and their treatment. The objective of this research is to conduct an analytical review of the literature on the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this pathology to highlight the main problems in diagnosing and treating children with acute necrotizing pneumonia. Materials and methods. Modern domestic and foreign literary sources on the clinical and paraclinical diagnosis and treatment of destructive pneumonias were reviewed and analysed. The following databases were used for literature search: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The results of prospective and retrospective studies conducted in recent years were taken into account when determining recommendations. ­Results. Current data on acute destructive pneumonia in children are presented. The current state of the problem of early diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing pneumonias is studied. A broader implementation of modern diagnostic methods, particularly ultrasound, and the treatment of acute necrotizing pneumonia in children, both systemically and by affecting the inflammatory focus, are recommended. The treatment of pneumonias in children of different age groups is considered. It was found that establi­shing the mechanisms of pyofibrinothorax formation could provide an impetus in preventing this complication. The role of fungi in the course of the inflammatory process in the pleural cavity in acute necrotizing pneumonia requires clarification in the experiment. Conclusions. The development of diagnostic and treatment algorithm for children with acute necrotizing pneumonia with pulmonary-pleural complications based on early diagnosis, prevention and treatment using medications and minimally invasive technologies, including thoracoscopy, is relevant.

The problem of oncological and precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa is urgent, because the prevalence of these diseases is high, as well as malignant neoplasms of this localization are among the most aggressive and difficult to treat human neoplasms, characterized by a high percentage of mortality.
 These facts determine the increased importance of primary prevention of precancerous and cancerous diseases, the purpose of which is to identify and eliminate predictive factors of the development of these pathologies.
 Objective of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of modern Russian and foreign literary sources in the aspect of predictive factors of the occurrence of precancerous and cancerous diseases of the red border of the lips and oral mucosa and their main mechanisms.
 Methodology. The research is based on the search and analysis of modern Russian and foreign original sources on the topic in the databases eLibrary, Pubmed, Crossref.
 Results. The development of precancerous and oncological diseases is a complex multifactorial process that proceeds under the influence of a number of prognostic factors that have both isolated and synergistic effects on the human body at the local or general level.
 Conclusion. We have analyzed the scientific literature, which indicates a significant contribution of a wide range of modifiable and unmodifiable factors in the development of precancerous and oncological processes. Identification and correction of probable risk factors for the occurrence of precancerous and oncological diseases of the oral mucosa can help prevent the development of these diseases.

Micro- and macroelements play a significant role in the unimpaired functioning of all organs and systems. Important essential trace elements include selenium, which plays a crucial role in many physiological processes, including immune responses. The purpose is to generalize available data on the effect of selenium on the functioning of various organs and systems of the human body. Materials and methods. This literature review presents data on the effect of selenium on the body, published in domestic and foreign literature sources. Results. Selenium belongs to essential trace elements; it is a part of various proteins and enzymes that have cytoprotective, antitumor, antimutagenic effects. In addition, selenium participates in the functioning of the body's endocrine, reproductive, immune and antioxidant systems, although it was previously considered one of the most toxic trace elements. Many studies have been devoted to the analysis of selenium's effect on the processes of carcinogenesis and prevention of the development of tumor processes of various localization. Selenium-containing enzymes play one of the leading roles in anti-carcinogenic action, as they take part in the antioxidant defense of the body, regulate apoptosis and cell proliferation, protect desoxyribonucleic acid from damage, affect the metabolism and detoxification of carcinogens. Conclusions. The study of selenium's antitumor effect is of the greatest interest at present, since the number of patients with oncopathology is increasing every year.

Relevance. Due to lifestyle changes, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Diabetes can affect the nervous system in various forms in the form of cognitive disorders, mono- or polyneuropathies ending in trophic disorders and "diabetic foot"; and distal symmetrical sensory-motor polyneuropathy. In the modern literature there is a significant amount of research in the field of methods of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with diabetes mellitus, accompanied by damage to the nervous system, but there is no generalized information on a comprehensive analysis of currently available techniques.The purpose of study. To study the available and most modern methods of rehabilitation of patients with diabetic damage to the nervous system with subsequent systematization of information.Materials and methods. The most relevant domestic and foreign literature sources containing information on the types of diabetic lesions of the nervous system, pathogenesis and rehabilitation of patients with these pathologies were analyzed.Results. An analysis of modern literature has shown a great variability in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with distal diabetic polyneuropathy. Drug therapy is effective, however, with long-term use, it can be accompanied by complications from the body systems. Physiotherapeutic therapy is not inferior in variety, affecting the nervous, vascular and epithelial tissue by various methods – electric current, magnetic field, laser beams or photochromo-radiation, you can get the desired analgesic effect. The need for lifestyle is also an important part of patient therapy: maintenance of normoglycemia, smoking cessation and special physical activity.Conclusion. Treatment and rehabilitation of patients with diabetic distal painful polyneuropathy is a big problem for a neurologist-clinician. In modern sources, there is a significant variety of methods for correcting this condition, both medication and physiotherapy. Drugs as the first line of correction of somatosensory disorders are a necessary point in the treatment plan, but it is necessary to remember the side effects of any prescribed drug, the slow onset of the desired analgesic effect. This is necessary for the competent preparation of the patient for a difficult and lengthy rehabilitation process. Among the most effective drugs are gabapentin and prebagalin, drugs of the anticonvulsant group and thioctic acid. A possible bypass of side effects from drug therapy is the appointment of physical therapy, adjusting drug treatment. A significant effect, based on the presented studies, is observed when using magnetotherapy in combination with infrared radiation, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and impulse current with vacuum exposure.

The article is devoted to the sarcopenic phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to study the current understanding of sarcopenia, to evaluate the manifestations of systemic and respiratory sarcopenia in COPD patients, the possibilities of diagnosis, prognostic markers and treatment according to domestic and foreign publications. Research methods: domestic and foreign literary sources on the topic of the studied issue are analyzed. The analysis of scientific publications was carried out using the database of the National Center for Biotechnological Information PubMed, the Chinese Library, eLibrary, as well as the database of the scientific electronic library CyberLeninka. The data was processed from sources published in 2024-2025. Results. In the course of the study, domestic and foreign sources on the topic of the issue under study were analyzed. The problem of sarcopenia, as well as sarcopenia in COPD patients, has been studied, and a holistic model of sarcopenia has been analyzed, taking into account modern diagnostic and treatment capabilities. Conclusions. In patients with COPD, sarcopenia occurs earlier than in healthy people and its frequency varies from 14 to 67% due to the complex effects on muscle condition of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lack of physical activity, hypoxia, malnutrition, hormonal imbalance and structural muscle remodeling. Manifestations of systemic and respiratory sarcopenia significantly worsen the prognosis of patients with COPD. Targeted treatment of sarcopenia in COPD includes nutritional support, a diet high in protein and vitamin D, pulmonary rehabilitation, exercise, and behavioral strategies.

Introduction. In the practice of adult nephrologists there are cases of rare genetically caused kidney damage, in particular, Alport syndrome. This is due to the availability and improvement of instrumental diagnostic methods, timely approaches to treatment in pediatric practice, and prolongation of the pre-dialysis period. 
 Goal. Analysis and synthesis of new data from domestic and foreign sources on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, types of inheritance, differential diagnosis of Alport syndrome in order to improve the success of students, interns and teachers in the study of nephrological subjects. 
 Material and methods. Review of contemporary and foreign literary sources; techniques – description, analysis, abstracting. 
 Results. Alport syndrome (AS, synonym: hereditary nephritis) is non-immune genetically determined glomerulopathy caused by a mutation of genes that encode collagen type IV of basement membranes, manifested by hematuria and / or proteinuria, a progressive decreased renal function, combined with pathology of hearing and abnormalities affecting the eyes. Alport syndrome inherited type: X-linked dominant (XLAS): 85%, autosomal recessive (ARAS): 15%, autosomal dominant (ADAS): 1%. 
 Conclusions. Family history, electron microscopy, immunochemical analysis of type IV collagen expression are informative for verifying the diagnosis of Alport syndrome. Due to the rarity of this disease, in addition, the fact that patients often refuse kidney biopsy, it is necessary to cooperate more closely with genetic laboratories, to take measures to improve the availability of molecular analysis of mutations of collagen IV genes. In addition, it is a fact that sometimes the family history of the disease is ambiguous, unavailable for genetic analysis, and patients refuse to have a kidney biopsy. It is a motive to encourage doctors to improve their educational work with patients about safety of this analysis and its value.

The central element of the forensic characterization of crimes in the field of electronically stored information is the identity of the offender. In its aspect, it is possible to study the features of other elements, to establish their interrelations and interdependencies. Features of the somatic, psychophysiological and cognitive processes of the personality of the offender, the level of his skills in the field of information technology, the social environment and professional activity predetermine the choice of the method, means, the environment for the commission of the crime and the victim, as well as the mechanism of trace formation and localization of traces. At the same time, questions related to the personal characteristics of a modern cybercriminal remain open due to the high volatility associated with the rapid renewal of the technical and technological components of criminal acts. Today’s cybercriminals are often not grim lone hackers, but a well-organized and structured criminal group. The paper studies and analyses domestic and foreign literary sources, investigative and judicial practice aiming at filling this gap.

The aim: To study the availability, quality and features of outpatient palliative and hospice care (PHC) to the population, including the elderly, in the COVID-19 pandemic context in order to optimize the PHC-mobile-teams service. Materials and methods: Domestic and foreign literary sources; sociological research results. The research methods: biblio-semantic, sociological (questionnaires), systemic approach and systemic analysis, conventional medical-statistical methods. Results: Based on the analysis of international regulatory documents, domestic and foreign literary sources, the socio-medical importance of PHC is shown. In Ukraine, as in other countries, the number of elderly people is constantly growing, which leads to an increase in the PHC need. The results of the sociological survey determine: PHC needs in terms of age showed that in Ukraine almost 78.86% of people in need of PHC were aged 60 and over; the most popular (86.0% of responses) were PHC-mobile-teams and home-based services; about 80% of respondents said that pain limited their ability to work and affected on their psycho-emotional state and their quality of life; 86.3% of respondents reported an pain increased after COVID-19. The results of an online survey showed the effectiveness of PHC-mobile-teams service by improving the availability of PHC. Conclusions: To ensure high-quality PHC availability it should be integrated at the Health and Social Care Systems. According to the experience of the Kyiv PHC-mobile-teams service, it significantly increases PHC availability, which is especially important in the COVID-19 pandemic context.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of complex study of early development of children with down syndrome based on the principles of ICF. The analysis of the comparability of parameters describing the current level of development of a child with normal and impaired ontogenesis in popular methods of early development diagnostics with the description parameters adopted in the new classification system of the ICF Presents the experience of processing and interpreting the results of psychological and pedagogical study of the cognitive, speech and motor spheres of young children in the context of the severity of restrictions on their daily life and health. The article describes the method of establishing a functional and rehabilitation diagnosis, as well as the procedure for documenting the results of the psychological and pedagogical study, taking into account the classification categories adopted in the ICF. The significance of the results obtained for the interaction of an interdisciplinary team of specialists within the framework of the early aid Service is determined.Materials and Methods. When writing the article, we used methods of studying domestic and foreign literature sources; generalization and systematization of the results of studying the cognitive, speech and motor spheres of young children with down syndrome; experimental methods and scales for assessing the timeliness of early childhood development.Results. The variety of approaches to studying the development of children with normal and impaired development in early ontogenesis is considered. Based on the study of domestic and foreign literature sources, the most common methods of comprehensive assessment of the cognitive, speech and motor spheres of young children with developmental disabilities were selected and their comparability with the description parameters adopted in the ICF domain classification system was evaluated. Data analysis has shown that in the process of studying individual or systemic indicators of early development of young children with down syndrome, any diagnostic tools familiar to the specialist that have passed the procedure of experimental testing and validation can be used. At the same time, only the process of processing, interpreting and finalizing the test results in the Protocol needs modification, while the stimulus material and the research procedure do not need any modification.Discussion and Conclusions. The study concluded that the ICF can be effectively applied at all stages of the study of young children with not only down syndrome, but also any variants of impaired development. The introduction of ICF profiles in the process of documenting the results of primary diagnostics and dynamic monitoring ensures consistency of interaction between specialists of the early care Service both within the organization and at the interdepartmental level

Introduction. The pharmacological potential of medicinal plants is a valuable but often underutilized resource in modern pharmaceuticals. Bergenia pacifica from the Saxifragaceae family is an example of such a phenomenon – a plant with significant therapeutic capabilities, the spectrum of therapeutic action of which has not yet been fully determined and continues to actively expand. The aim of the study. A comprehensive assessment of the pharmacological potential of Bergenia pacifica and its active component bergenin, possible therapeutic applications and determination of the pharmacoeconomic value of the raw material. Material and methods. In the course of this study, an analysis of open databases of scientific domestic and foreign literary sources on the use of Bergenia pacifica and its active ingredient bergenin as a medicinal herbal remedy was carried out, including methods for qualitative, quantitative determination, and assessment of the pharmacoeconomic value of this raw material. Results. In open databases of scientific literature, the keywords “bergenia pacifica”, “pacifica”, “бадан тихоокеанский” contain about 170 mentions, 37 targeted studies and 35 patents. There are 662 mentions of keywords containing “bergenin”. In all the literature sources found, Pacific badan and its active ingredient bergenin are defined as herbal medicines. Conclusion. Thus, the widespread use of Bergenia pacifica and its active ingredient bergenin in medicine as a medicinal herbal remedy determines its potential as a raw material base for the development of new medicines and the improvement of technologies for processing plant raw materials, which requires experimental and clinical research in the future.

The article is dedicated to the modern problems of training of bilateral interpreting of interdisciplinary terminology. The author examines the process of formation of educational standards in Ukraine and abroad. The analysis of professional competence of a higher education professional is conducted. Based on a number of works of domestic and foreign researchers, the elements of translation competence are defined. The purpose of the article is to study the background, goals and content of the bilateral interpreting of interdisciplinary terminology. The concept of professional competence of an interpreter and its components is considered in detail. The goals and content of training of bilateral interpreting of interdisciplinary terminology at the final stage of the undergraduate program are determined. In order to specify the goals and content of the bilateral interpreting of interdisciplinary terminology training, the content of credit modules on the practice of interpreting, as well as their purpose and goals, in a number of leading Ukrainian universities is further explored. The conducted analysis of scientific and methodological documentation proves that sufficient attention is devoted to the formation of bilateral interpreting skills, but not to the formation of the professionally oriented lexical competence, which requires knowledge of the basic science and technology terminology . This proves the importance of studying interdisciplinary terminology in the process of bilateral interpreting training. The methods of research include the critical analysis of domestic and foreign literary sources and scientific observation. The result of the research is a theoretical analysis, which contributed to the definition of the goals and content area of bilateral interpreting of interdisciplinary terminology, considered within the framework of the defined components of the subject and procedural aspects of the abovementioned content area.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy in the world with high morbidity and mortality rate. Identification of novel biomarkers in HCC remains impeded primarily because of the heterogeneity of the disease in clinical presentations as well as the pathophysiological variations derived from underlying conditions such as cirrhosis and steatohepatitis. The aim of this study is to search for potential metabolite biomarkers of human HCC using serum and urine metabolomics approach. Sera and urine samples were collected from patients with HCC (n = 82), benign liver tumor patients (n = 24), and healthy controls (n = 71). Metabolite profiling was performed by gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry in conjunction with univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Forty three serum metabolites and 31 urinary metabolites were identified in HCC patients involving several key metabolic pathways such as bile acids, free fatty acids, glycolysis, urea cycle, and methionine metabolism. Differentially expressed metabolites in HCC subjects, such as bile acids, histidine, and inosine are of great statistical significance and high fold changes, which warrant further validation as potential biomarkers for HCC. However, alterations of several bile acids seem to be affected by the condition of liver cirrhosis and hepatitis. Quantitative measurement and comparison of seven bile acids among benign liver tumor patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatitis, HCC patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatitis, HCC patients without liver cirrhosis and hepatitis, and healthy controls revealed that the abnormal levels of glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid are associated with liver cirrhosis and hepatitis. HCC patients with alpha fetoprotein values lower than 20 ng/ml was successfully differentiated from healthy controls with an accuracy of 100% using a panel of metabolite markers. Our work shows that metabolomic profiling approach is a promising screening tool for the diagnosis and stratification of HCC patients.

A huge plethora of dynamic microbial communities present in and on the human body have a significant impact both on local (as for the gut microbiota on energy metabolism and obesity) and on distant scales (as the association of the periodontal disease with coronary heart disease). This microbiota contributes significantly to the host biology including digestion, metabolism, extraction of nutrients, synthesis of vitamins, and prevention against pathogenic colonization and also the modulation of the immune system in the host body. The composition and diversity of these microbiota have a strong association with gastrointestinal tract disorders as well as many metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypocholesterolemia, etc. which present an increasing public health concern and can hamper host’s quality of life. Probiotics are living organisms that exert their beneficial effect on host health, whereas prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that benefit the host by selectively stimulating the growth or activity of one or a limited number of microbes in the host. The present state of knowledge indicates that careful manipulation of the gut microbiota could be a promising approach for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Manipulation of gut microbiota through the administration of prebiotics and probiotics may assist in weight loss, reducing plasma blood glucose levels and also serum lipid levels, decreasing CVD and T2DM. We analyze currently available data to ascertain further benefits and limitations of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of metabolic diseases. The focus of this review is to examine the role of the microbiome in most morbid human metabolic diseases and to highlight the current challenges and discussion areas of their prevention and management with applications of prebiotics and probiotics as functional foods.KeywordsMetabolic disordersGut microbiotaT2DMCVDFunctional foods

A review of the literature is devoted to the description of modern diagnostic methods that are directed at detecting lacrimal pathway obstruction. The presented analysis is based on the study of data from Russian and foreign literary sources on both routine and high-tech lacrimal system examination methods, as well as on authors' experience in studying the diagnostic efficiency of imaging methods such as lacrimal scintigraphy, computed tomography with lacrimal pathway contrasting, and also single photon emission computed tomography. The article gives information about the advantages and disadvantages of the presented methods, highlights the questions of the prospects of their usage in practical dacryology.

Same-Day Consent for Regional Anesthesia Clinical Research Trials: It's About Time.