Abstract
Antimicrobial agents have a rather special position due to their importance as essential medicines for the treatment of infectious diseases. Evidence-based prescriptions are needed to optimize the use of antimicrobials in humans, as well as to decrease antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the inpatient consumption of antimicrobial drugs for systemic use in the period 2011–2018 in Kazakhstan. This article presents the results of an evaluation of the inpatient use of antibacterial drugs for systemic use (group J01) for the period 2011–2018 using the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification)/defined daily dose (DDD) methodology recommended by the World Health Organization. Inpatient antimicrobial utilization is expressed as DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day (DID). The results of the assessment for inpatient antibiotic use (over an eight-year period) showed a decrease in the total consumption of antibiotics for systemic action in Kazakhstan (2011: 12.72 DID; 2018: 2.74 DID). Among oral formulations, levofloxacin was consumed the most, and cefazolin was consumed the most among the parenteral formulations of antimicrobials. The three drugs consumed the most included cefazolin (first-generation cephalosporin), ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin), and cefuroxime (second-generation cephalosporin). The total consumption of antibacterials for systemic action in Kazakhstan decreased during the analyzed period, but there was an irrational use of certain groups of drugs.
Highlights
Antimicrobial agents have a rather special position due to their importance as essential medicines: they satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population and are the foundation for treating the most infectious diseases [1,2].The World Health Organization has identified key factors in antimicrobial resistance (AMR)development
A relative increase (58% in comparison to parenteral formulations) was observed in oral antibiotic use between 2012 and 2013, amounting to 3.1 DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day (DID), but it gradually decreased to 1.2 DID by 2018
The results of the study showed that the total consumption of antibacterials for systemic use at the stationary level in Kazakhstan over an eight-year period steadily declined
Summary
Antimicrobial agents have a rather special position due to their importance as essential medicines: they satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population and are the foundation for treating the most infectious diseases [1,2].The World Health Organization has identified key factors in antimicrobial resistance (AMR)development. Antimicrobial agents have a rather special position due to their importance as essential medicines: they satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population and are the foundation for treating the most infectious diseases [1,2]. The World Health Organization has identified key factors in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Antibiotics 2020, 9, 57 resistance is a prominent public health concern because it has an impact on morbidity and the mortality of patients and is the cause of growing costs affecting healthcare systems [4,5]. Evidence-based prescriptions through effective, rapid, low-cost diagnostic tools are needed to optimize the use of antimicrobials in humans and animals [6,7]. In order to assess whether prescribing antibiotics in Kazakhstan is rational, an evaluation of the inpatient consumption of antimicrobial drugs for systemic use in the period 2011–2018 was conducted
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