Abstract
Chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel, and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. However, the chloroplast genome has also been smartly engineered to confer valuable agronomic traits and/or serve as bioreactors for the production of industrial enzymes, biopharmaceuticals, bioproducts, or vaccines. The recent breakthrough in hyperexpression of biopharmaceuticals in edible leaves has facilitated progression to clinical studies by major pharmaceutical companies. This review critically evaluates progress in developing new tools to enhance or simplify expression of targeted genes in chloroplasts. These tools hold the promise to further the development of novel fuels and products, enhance the photosynthetic process, and increase our understanding of retrograde signaling and cellular processes.
Highlights
Chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis
Current chloroplast genome engineering projects have led to stable integration and expression of transgenes from different kingdoms including bacterial, viral, fungal, animal and human genes to express biopharmaceutical proteins, antibiotics, vaccine antigens, industrial enzymes, biomaterials, and confer valuable agronomic traits
Hundreds of foreign proteins have been expressed in chloroplasts and achieved much higher levels of expression than nuclear expression systems, in a few cases it failed to achieve the desired levels of expression
Summary
Chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Current chloroplast genome engineering projects have led to stable integration and expression of transgenes from different kingdoms including bacterial, viral, fungal, animal and human genes to express biopharmaceutical proteins, antibiotics, vaccine antigens, industrial enzymes, biomaterials, and confer valuable agronomic traits. Transgenes engineered via the chloroplast genome regulates nuclear gene expression, offering a valuable tool to understand retrograde signaling and other cellular processes
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