The Enemy of My Enemy: Ixkun Stela 4 and Classic Maya International Politics on the Eve of War

In recent years, 3D printed arm casts can replace traditional arm casts to treat bones fractures. 3D printed arm cast modelling often uses professional 3D scanning systems to capture 3D data of the arm. These systems are very expensive and may not be available in many hospitals. In order to over-come this disadvantage, inexpensive methods should be developed. This paper introduces a new data collection method based on smartphones. The photos of an arm were taken with a smartphone cam-era using some special techniques that could facilitate the process of image processing and 3D mod-elling in Agisoft Metashape and CATIA. To validate the proposed method, the photogrammetric model was compared with the scanned model (obtained by a low cost scanner) in GOM Inspect. Be-sides, a fit check of real 3D printed arm casts attached on the volunteer's forearm was also per-formed. The test results indicate that the photogrammetric model could be used as raw data for 3D arm modelling.

The recent proliferation of methods of 3D model generation has enabled the development of new approaches to the analysis of dental form, function and wear. This article assesses whether Structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry is capable of producing virtual 3D models of teeth of adequate quality for assessing fine scale surface details, such as dental macrowear patterns. Reference models were generated using a high resolution structured light scanner to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric models generated. Dental gypsum models of the molar teeth of human individuals from St. Michael's Litten, Chichester, Post-medieval assemblage (n = 17) were used for 3D model generation. Photogrammetry was performed using Agisoft Metashape and reference 3D models were generated using a GOM ATOS 80 scanner. Focus stacking was explored as a method of enhancing 3D model detail. Differences between the photogrammetric and reference models were assessed using CloudCompare and the quality of the surface detail was examined quantitatively using Occlusal Fingerprint Analysis. Photogrammetric model generation was highly replicable and the tooth models produced closely approximated the overall geometry of those derived from the structured light scanner. Dental wear facet area measurements on the photogrammetric models differed significantly, however, from those derived from the structured light scanning reference models. Photogrammetry can create virtual dental models from which crude quantitative size and shape data can be obtained. Finer scale surface details are not accurately reproduced on SfM models using the methods outlined in the current article due to high levels of surface noise.

Topographic and geomorphological surveys of coastal areas usually require the aerial mapping of long and narrow sections of littoral. The georeferencing of photogrammetric models is generally based on the signalization and survey of Ground Control Points (GCPs), which are very time-consuming tasks. Direct georeferencing with high camera location accuracy due to on-board multi-frequency GNSS receivers can limit the need for GCPs. Recently, DJI has made available the Phantom 4 Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) (DJI-P4RTK), which combines the versatility and the ease of use of previous DJI Phantom models with the advantages of a multi-frequency on-board GNSS receiver. In this paper, we investigated the accuracy of both photogrammetric models and Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) generated in Agisoft Metashape from two different image datasets (nadiral and oblique) acquired by a DJI-P4RTK. Camera locations were computed with the Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) of the Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) file recorded by the aircraft during flight missions. A Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) located at a 15 km distance from the site was used for this task. The results highlighted that the oblique dataset produced very similar results, with GCPs (3D RMSE = 0.025 m) and without (3D RMSE = 0.028 m), while the nadiral dataset was affected more by the position and number of the GCPs (3D RMSE from 0.034 to 0.075 m). The introduction of a few oblique images into the nadiral dataset without any GCP improved the vertical accuracy of the model (Up RMSE from 0.052 to 0.025 m) and can represent a solution to speed up the image acquisition of nadiral datasets for PPK with the DJI-P4RTK and no GCPs. Moreover, the results of this research are compared to those obtained in RTK mode for the same datasets. The novelty of this research is the combination of a multitude of aspects regarding the DJI Phantom 4 RTK aircraft and the subsequent data processing strategies for assessing the quality of photogrammetric models, DTMs, and cross-section profiles.

During the past few years, new developments have occurred in the field of 3D photogrammetric modeling of culture heritage. One of these developments is the expansion of 3D photogrammetric modeling open-source software, such as VisualSfM, and cost-effective licensed software, such as Agisoft Metashape into the practical and affordable world. This type of SfM (Structure from Motion) software offers the world of 3D modelling of culture heritage a powerful tool for documentation and visualization. On the other hand, low-cost cameras are now available on the market. These cameras are characterized by high resolution and good quality lens, which makes them suitable for photogrammetric modelling. This paper reports on the results of the application of a SfM photogrammetry system in the 3D modelling of Safita Tower, a medieval structure in Safita, north-western Syria. The applied photogrammetric system consists of the Nikon Coolpix P100 10 MP digital camera and the commercial software Agisoft Metashape. The resulted 3D point clouds were compared with an available dense point cloud acquired by a laser scanner. This comparison proved that the low-cost SfM photogrammetry is an accurate methodology to 3D modeling historical monuments.

Aerial photogrammetry by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is a widespread method to perform mapping tasks with high-resolution to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) building and façade models. However, the survey of Ground Control Points (GCPs) represents a time-consuming task, while the use of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) drones allows for one to collect camera locations with an accuracy of a few centimeters. DJI Phantom 4 RTK (DJI-P4RTK) combines this with the possibility to acquire oblique images in stationary conditions and it currently represents a versatile drone widely used from professional users together with commercial Structure-from-Motion software, such as Agisoft Metashape. In this work, we analyze the architectural application of this drone to the photogrammetric modeling of a building with particular regard to metric survey specifications for cultural heritage for 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, and 1:200 scales. In particular, we designed an accuracy assessment test signalizing 109 points, surveying them with total station and adjusting the measurements through a network approach in order to achieve millimeter-level accuracy. Image datasets with a designed Ground Sample Distance (GSD) of 2 mm were acquired in Network RTK (NRTK) and RTK modes in manual piloting and processed both as single façades (S–F) and as an overall block (4–F). Subsequently, we compared the results of photogrammetric models generated in Agisoft Metashape to the Signalized Point (SP) coordinates. The results highlight the importance of processing an overall photogrammetric block, especially whenever part of camera locations exhibited a poorer accuracy due to multipath effects. No significant differences were found between the results of network real-time kinematic (NRTK) and real-time kinematic (RTK) datasets. Horizontal residuals were generally comparable to GNSS accuracy in NRTK/RTK mode, while vertical residuals were found to be affected by an offset of about 5 cm. We introduced an external GCP or used one SP per façade as GCP, assuming a poorer camera location accuracy at the same time, in order to fix this issue and comply with metric survey specifications for the widest architectural scale range. Finally, both S–F and 4–F projects satisfied the metric survey requirements of a scale of 1:50 in at least one of the approaches tested.

Thermal imaging is increasingly applied in remote sensing to identify material degradation, monitor structural integrity, and support energy diagnostics. However, its adoption is limited by the low spatial resolution of thermal sensors compared to RGB cameras. This study proposes a modular pipeline to generate thermally enriched 3D point clouds by fusing RGB and thermal imagery acquired simultaneously with a dual-sensor unmanned aerial vehicle system. The methodology includes geometric calibration of both cameras, image undistortion, cross-spectral feature matching, and projection of radiometric data onto the photogrammetric model through a computed homography. Thermal values are extracted using a custom parser and assigned to 3D points based on visibility masks and interpolation strategies. Calibration achieved 81.8% chessboard detection, yielding subpixel reprojection errors. Among twelve evaluated algorithms, LightGlue retained 99% of its matches and delivered a reprojection accuracy of 18.2% at 1 px, 65.1% at 3 px and 79% at 5 px. A case study on photovoltaic panels demonstrates the method’s capability to map thermal patterns with low temperature deviation from ground-truth data. Developed entirely in Python, the workflow integrates into Agisoft Metashape or other software. The proposed approach enables cost-effective, high-resolution thermal mapping with applications in civil engineering, cultural heritage conservation, and environmental monitoring applications.

Quantitative Neuroanatomical Measurement on Photogrammetric Model: Validation Study.

The conventional method for measuring propeller geometric parameters involves utilizing specialized equipment or 3D measuring devices. Currently, specific propeller geometry parameters can be assessed by employing virtual measurements performed on a virtual propeller model generated using reverse engineering methods. This paper introduces a novel approach to constructing 3D models of small fishing boat propellers using photogrammetry and reverse engineering techniques. In this method, the propeller is captured through photographs taken with a smartphone camera employing special techniques. Subsequently, these images are processed using Agisoft Metashape to generate a mesh model, from which a precise photogrammetric model of the propeller is developed using CATIA. By comparing the photogrammetric model with the scanned model in GOM Inspect, and evaluating the measurement outcomes of blade radius and pitch on virtual and physical models, it is possible to ascertain that the photogrammetric model exhibits exceptional accuracy. Consequently, the photogrammetric model can be effectively utilized for the measurement of propeller geometric parameters.

Journal Article Survey of International Affairs 1939–1946. the Eve of War, 1939. Get access Survey of International Affairs 1939–1946. the Eve of War, 1939. Ed. by Arnold Toynbee and Veronica M. . London, New York, Toronto, Oxford University Press for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1958. xvi+744 pp. Maps. Index. 90s. E. Bramsted E. Bramsted Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 34, Issue 3, July 1958, Pages 330–331, https://doi.org/10.2307/2605116 Published: 01 July 1958

Aim Anatomy presents a steep learning curve to students, in terms of spatial understanding and terminology. Gamification may support students learning and promote an environment that encourages teamwork and problem solving. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a gastrointestinal anatomy-themed virtual escape room that integrated pathological specimens and 3D virtual models of anatomical specimens. Additionally, the use of AI tools in creating aspects of the intervention was explored. Method Institutional ethical approval was granted for the study. The escape room was created in Google Forms and Slides and comprised three clinical cases on biliary obstruction, haemochromatosis, and kidney stones. 3D photogrammetric models of anatomical specimens were generated using Agisoft Metashape, while 180-degree rotational images of pathology specimens were created in Microsoft PowerPoint. To evaluate the intervention, seven medical students and two academics from Queen’s University Belfast participated in a trial and completed a survey evaluation. A focus group interview was also conducted with student participants. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of questionnaire responses. Results All participants reported enjoying the escape room experience. A majority (89%) agreed that the 3D models and pathology specimens are beneficial learning resources. Feedback emphasised the tool’s value in developing non-technical skills such as teamwork and communication. Conclusions This study highlights the value of gamification in creating fun and immersive educational environments for students, thus improving motivation and engagement in learning. Escape rooms are a convenient and cost-friendly method of revision and may be a beneficial adjunct to traditional approaches.

Abstract. This research wants to show the possibility of quickly making high-quality photogrammetric models using 360-degree panoramic photographs, but made using low-cost, single-shot cameras. Currently there is a wide variety of single shot cameras, in which the shape of the camera can vary according to the number of lenses that it incorporates in the camera mount, but this will directly affect the quality of the photography. result and in the price of the team.The fundamental characteristic of single-shot cameras is that they are capable of capturing a 360-degree panoramic photo at the very moment of shooting, which allows to greatly reduce data collection times compared to the normal method of taking photos spherical. This occurs thanks to the fact that they have several lenses that allow them to capture everything that happens around them in a fraction of a second. In addition, the composition times of the final image are also reduced, since they incorporate a processor that allows them to stitch the panorama automatically. These features make data capture very fast, greatly reducing work times.To demonstrate the efficiency of this equipment, several tests have been carried out in different spaces, interior and exterior, of the Cathedral of Plasencia. For each data set, the object documentation was performed twice. The first time it was done with a Faro Focus 3D laser scanner to generate the highly metrically accurate control model. And the second time a Xiaomi Mi Sphere camera was used to generate the comparison model. The photogrammetric models were processed with the Agisoft Metashape software and the comparison of the models in the CloudCompare software.The results obtained in these comparisons have been very promising, showing the effectiveness of these cameras to quickly document heritage. All the data on working times, geometric precision of the models, metric deviations, etc. They are shown below in the document.

Ancient sand-rich fluvial systems form critical subsurface reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration, carbon storage and a variety of other uses; however, their complex architecture often hinders the generation of accurate reservoir models. Detailed study of analogous outcrop exposures is critical for managing exploration risk and developing efficient production strategies, providing a detailed look at the architecture and potential connectivity of subsurface reservoir targets. The Late Triassic – Early Jurassic Grey Beds and lower Åre Formation are fluvial formations which are being increasingly targeted as potential hydrocarbon reservoirs within the Norwegian Sea. Reservoirs such as this have the potential to prolong energy production from the Northern North Sea Basin for decades to come and are the focus of ongoing regional exploration. One of the challenges this play concept faces is that much of the strata is entirely preserved within the subsurface, has few wells, and is poorly understood due to limited data. Here we present an analysis of the Late Cretaceous Iron Springs Formation in Southwest Utah. These exposures represent an upward-coarsening, high net-to-gross fluvial system deposited proximal to the Sevier orogenic belt into the Cretaceous Interior Seaway. This depositional system provides an excellent analog for the Grey Beds and lower Åre Formation in the Norwegian Sea and other high net-to-gross sandstones in the geologic record. This study utilizes a combination of traditional and digital field methods to create detailed outcrop descriptions. Our preliminary field study reveals important details not often apparent in subsurface datasets. Exposures of the upper Iron Springs near Parowan, Utah, range from 100m to 150m in thickness. Based on detailed measured stratigraphic sections described as part of this study, amalgamation surfaces are common and grain size varies appreciably. Lateral and vertical connectivity of architectural elements is complex, but excellent three-dimensional exposures in the field area allow for spatial description of these relationships. Often, high net-to-gross systems are assumed to be braided; however, our initial findings from the Iron Springs Formation show variability between braided and meandering elements, with suggestion of more distal environments suggested in the lower part of the formation. Photogrammetric models built in Agisoft Metashape software using high resolution drone imagery allow for identification of high-resolution architectural elements in three dimensions along two kilometers of continuous outcrop. Channel elements are identified from this dataset, and fine-scale details observed from geolocated measured sections add details regarding the facies present within these elements. Geobodies delineated within photogrammetric models are exported into Schlumberger’s Petrel software, and extrapolated models based on outcrop control suggest a high degree of channel connectivity in this system even in zones of the Iron Springs Formation interpreted to be dominated by meandering channel morphologies. This model will be used to build geospatial descriptive and predictive models for subsurface fluvial systems that may be underrepresented due to limited sampling and poor seismic resolution of fine-scale reservoir elements. 

Photogrammetric acquisition and subsequent data processing has become increasingly common in recent years. However, this method of documentation is affected by many circumstances that can negatively influence the results. This paper is devoted to the experimental determination of the influence of the quality of input images on the processing of a photogrammetric model, because the quality of input images is essential for the accuracy of the final product and can be influenced by various factors. The effect of different image quality on the ability of software to align these images and on the accuracy of this alignment and subsequent processing of was tested practically in this case. Three specific interior surfaces and three specific exterior surfaces were used for the experiment, each of which was photographed in four series - one series was taken with high quality images, while the remaining three were specifically degraded in quality. Three photogrammetric software, Agisoft Metashape Professional, iTwin Capture Modeler and Pix4Dmapper, were selected for processing. In all software, all acquired series were processed and the ability to perform image orientation and the subsequent quality of this orientation was mainly monitored, where reprojection error was the main criterion. In the case of successfully aligned series, a dense point cloud was produced, which was also subjected to analysis. Based on these results, appropriate procedures for photogrammetric processing were determined when conditions that may negatively affect image quality are known in advance.

The aim of the article is to create 3D models from devices that are designed primarily for video creation and compare them with the reference model. In the experiment, 3D models were created from Blackmagic 4K, iPhone 12 Pro, ELP camera and Logitech 4K webcam. When creating the dataset, the same conditions were as resolution, number of frames, diffuse lighting, shooting angles, and the step of removing frames from the video. The processing of the created data took place in the commercial program Agisoft Metashape professional. Comparing models from the iPhone 12 Pro, EPL camera and Logitech 4K webcam, we found that there is a difference between the models created. As part of the model alignment, we found that we can see differences between the models.

The Ethics of Territorial Borders develops a distinctive line of argument, drawing on political theory and geography as well as international relations. It argues that although borders have played a role in ethical discussions about war, about intervention and about identity in international politics, these treat them as possessing derivative significance. Instead, this book critiques such an approach to argue for the ethical significance of borders themselves, pointing to their role in human diversity and the enduring appeal of territorial division.