The Emergence of Logistics Networks and Financial Administration During the Qin Conquest (230–221 BCE)

Regional logistic networks and linking urban clusters to boost high quality economic development are both key topics in sustainable development in China. In recent years, China has highlighted the significance of the logistics industry and urban cluster development, attaching practical importance to the connections between these two topics from a spatial perspective. This paper aims to discuss how regional logistic networks linking urban clusters improve economic development. This study constructs a logistic evaluation indicator system based on the multi-indicator data of 11 cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in 2020. This research employs the entropy-weighted-TOPSIS method to measure and rank the comprehensive logistics quality of each city in the economically linked logistic network of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This study applies the modified gravity model to explore the logistics linkage and logistic network characteristics of each city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Finally, this research analyzes how the agglomeration ability of the central cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area affects other cities from a spatial perspective. Furthermore, this spatial perspective investigates the agglomeration effect of the economic linkage logistic network through the social network analysis method. The results have the following three implications. (1) The logistic network has a high density, a stable overall structure with a strong agglomeration effect, and there is an increasingly mature logistic network development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the Bay Area. (2) Agglomeration is significant in the central cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area including Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Macao. Nonetheless, insufficient peripheral cities have been cultivated. Therefore, the government should focus on strengthening the balance of urban development in the bay area and improving the logistics access among cities to break through the barriers of regional synergistic development. (3) The economic development of cities is highly correlated with the level of logistics links. Additionally, the economy is the cornerstone to promoting the high-quality development of the logistics industry. Moreover, the economy and logistics are inseparable, mutually promoted, and developed together.

Introduction: Global logistics networks are a fundamental component of the global economy, ensuring the effective movement of goods and services on an international scale. This paper examines the main types of logistics networks, their role in ensuring sustainable development, and innovative approaches to optimizing logistics processes. Particular attention is given to the challenges facing logistics in the context of globalization and potential solutions to these challenges. Objective of the Study: The primary objective of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of global logistics networks with a focus on their role in ensuring the sustainable development of the global economy. This includes assessing the effectiveness of various types of logistics networks and identifying innovative approaches that can enhance their efficiency and environmental sustainability. Research Methods: A systematic approach has been employed to comprehensively analyze logistics networks, considering their structural characteristics and functional capabilities. Comparative analysis methods were used to assess the effectiveness of different types of transport modes within logistics networks, and forecasting methods were applied to determine future trends in the industry. Summary: The paper discusses the current state and development trends of global logistics networks, which play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainable development of the global economy. It analyzes the main types of logistics networks, including maritime, air, rail, and road transportation, with a focus on their efficiency, environmental impact, and adaptability to new challenges. The role of information technology and innovations in enhancing logistics process efficiency is also highlighted. Research Results: Global logistics networks play a significant role in ensuring the effective movement of goods and services internationally. These networks are essential for the sustainable development of the global economy, as they contribute to increased trade volumes and improved competitiveness of countries. The development of logistics networks is a key factor in ensuring the efficient functioning of international trade, creating new markets, and improving living standards. These networks facilitate the rapid and efficient movement of goods from production centers to end consumers worldwide. To achieve this, global logistics networks utilize various transportation modes, including maritime, air, rail, and road transport. Additionally, modern information technologies and management systems are employed to optimize routes, track cargo, and plan logistics operations. Future Prospects: Future research should focus on the development and testing of new models for integrating various types of transport within global logistics networks, with an emphasis on implementing advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain. Furthermore, an important area of focus should be the analysis of the impact of environmental innovations on the efficiency and sustainable development of logistics processes. Specifically, it is important to explore how emerging green technologies can contribute to reducing emissions and enhancing the overall ecological sustainability of logistics systems.

This study aims to critically assess government policies in implementing village authority in governance based on Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. This law grants greater authority to villages to manage and regulate the interests of local communities based on initiatives, original rights, and/or traditional rights that are recognized and respected within the governance system of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This research conducts a literature review of various relevant sources to analyze how government policies have been implemented at the village level and the challenges faced in their implementation. The study also explores the role of village governments in governance and the obstacles that arise due to limited resources, capacity, and support from both central and regional governments. The findings indicate that although Law No. 6 of 2014 provides a clear legal framework for villages to manage their own affairs, the implementation of these policies still faces numerous challenges. These include the lack of understanding and capacity of village officials, as well as suboptimal support from regional and central governments. This research suggests the need for enhancing the capacity of village officials and providing more concrete support from both central and regional governments to ensure that village authority can be effectively and efficiently exercisedThis study aims to critically assess government policies in implementing village authority in governance based on Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. This law grants greater authority to villages to manage and regulate the interests of local communities based on initiatives, original rights, and/or traditional rights that are recognized and respected within the governance system of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This research conducts a literature review of various relevant sources to analyze how government policies have been implemented at the village level and the challenges faced in their implementation. The study also explores the role of village governments in governance and the obstacles that arise due to limited resources, capacity, and support from both central and regional governments. The findings indicate that although Law No. 6 of 2014 provides a clear legal framework for villages to manage their own affairs, the implementation of these policies still faces numerous challenges. These include the lack of understanding and capacity of village officials, as well as suboptimal support from regional and central governments. This research suggests the need for enhancing the capacity of village officials and providing more concrete support from both central and regional governments to ensure that village authority can be effectively and efficiently exercised

The article examines the key aspects of developing a “roadmap” for managing digital supply chains in China’s transport and logistics networks. The relevance of the topic is driven by the need to modernize logistics infrastructure as part of the “Belt and Road Initiative”, as well as by China’s growing role as a global logistics and trade hub amid complex economic and political conditions. The growth of international trade and the transition to sustainable development models require the implementation of innovative approaches capable of ensuring the flexibility and adaptability of supply chain management in China’s transport and logistics networks. The aim of the study is to develop a “roadmap” for managing digital supply chains in China’s transport and logistics networks. This process includes an analysis of key technological and managerial solutions aimed at the digital transformation of the country’s logistics system, improving its efficiency, transparency, and adaptability to global challenges. The methodology is based on the principles of system-evolutionary analysis, which allows for identifying the interconnections between fundamental logistics paradigms and their dynamics in the context of digital transformation. This conceptual approach is complemented by road mapping, facilitating structured and long-term change planning. The novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive and multi-level approach to digitalizing supply chains, ensuring the adaptability, efficiency, and sustainability of China’s logistics system in response to modern technological and economic challenges. The study’s results confirm that the development and implementation of the “roadmap” for digital supply chain management not only enhance the efficiency of the transport and logistics system but also establish a sustainable foundation for long-term development, strengthening China’s international position. The practical implementation of the “roadmap” creates a platform for the harmonious development of transport and logistics systems, fostering collaboration among participating countries within a unified digital space.

The dialectic of central and regional authority has been going on for a long time, even before this state was formed, the debate between the form of a unitary state and the federalism colored the discussion of constitutional formulation. Soekarna represents unitary ideology while Moh Hatta is Federalist. But then, it narrowed to a compromise by choosing to become a unified state (article 1 paragraph 1 UUD 1945) on the principle of decentralization (article 18 paragraph 2 UUD 1945). The principle of decentralization in its implementation has experienced ups and downs. In the reformation era, this principle was very visible but not felt because nowadays the government was busy with political matters, then in the old era, it was weak, the government tended to be centralized. Since the reformation, the new face of decentralization has been very visible and clear. Regional governments have found a bright spot by having several powers, with the division of governmental affairs between the central and regional governments. However, this did not last long, after a long journey, in 2014 the authority of the regional government was slowly returned to the central government, where the regional government did not have the authority to manage natural resources related to the livelihoods of many people, the authority to manage natural resources was given to the province as a representative of the central government in regional and central government itself. Even worse after the existence of Law number 3 of 2020 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, this Law adds the dark spot of the principle of decentralization as a mandate of reformation and Constitution.

A convenient and efficient regional logistics network can rapidly promote the development of regional economy. The form and features of the regional logistics network are analyzed, revealing that the node is the key element of the logistics network. The regional logistics network is divided into regional urban agglomeration logistics network and urban logistics network forms from the point of view of internal and external service functions of urban logistics. Based on this, the model of the logistics economic contact is used to analyze the accessibility of the logistics network of regional urban agglomeration and a space syntax analysis method is used to analyze the accessibility of urban logistics network. Through the analysis of the example, the results indicate that the accessibility of regional urban agglomeration logistics network is related closely to the mode of logistics transportation between the cities and the development level of regional economy, accessibility forms of different urban logistics networks have obvious differences, the accessibility of grouping logistics networks is the highest, the accessibility of gathering logistics networks is higher, and the accessibility of radiating logistics networks is the worst.

The relationship between the Central Government and Regional Governments in determining regional tax rates and regional levies has overlapping authorities after the enactment of the Job Creation Act. This study proposes two problem formulations. First, how is the relationship between the central government and regional governments in determining local tax rates after the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation? Second, what are the juridical implications of setting local tax rates after the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 on the Authority of Regional Governments? The research method used is juridical-normative by using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The approach used is a statutory and conceptual approach. The results reveal that first, the relationship between the Central Government and Regional Governments in determining regional tax rates and regional retributions after the enactment of the Job Creation Law is carried out by the Regional Government with the involvement of the Central Government. It is known that at the time of the formation of regulations in the field of regional tax rates, the Central Government can change the tax rates and levy rates by determining the nationally applicable tax and levy rates and evaluating both Regional Regulations and Draft Regional Regulations regarding taxes and levies that hinder investment ecosystems and ease of doing business. Second, prior to the enactment of the Job Creation Act, the regional government had the authority to determine regional tax rates and regional retributions, so that in this case, the decentralization system runs fully, while after the enactment of the Job Creation Act, the regional government's authority in administering the government, in particular the area of regional taxes and levies, does not fully reflect the decentralized system due to intervention from the central government. Keywords: Relations, Central Government, Local Government, Tariffs, Local Taxes

This study investigates the financial administration practices at the Murhum District Office, Baubau City, using a qualitative descriptive approach aimed at understanding the implementation of regional financial governance in line with national regulations. The research involved a total of 20 staff members, with purposive sampling of three employees directly involved in financial administration. In addition, financial documents from the years 2020 to 2022 were analyzed to complement the primary data. Data collection methods included direct observation of financial procedures, in-depth interviews with selected financial staff, and document analysis to validate the implementation process. The findings show that the financial administration at the Murhum District Office is carried out in accordance with Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 13 of 2006 and its amendment No. 59 of 2007, which outline the principles and procedures of regional financial management. The administrative process covers key components such as financial planning, budgeting, execution, monitoring, and accountability. Notably, the budgeting process reflects a balanced alignment between projected revenues and expenditures, demonstrating efficient financial planning. The study also emphasizes that the financial activities are consistent with the objectives of Law No. 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government, particularly regarding the transparent and accountable use of the Regional Income and Expenditure Budget (APBK). Overall, the research concludes that the financial administration system in the Murhum District Office is well-organized, legally compliant, and contributes positively to the realization of good governance practices at the local level

The logistics is the foundation and artery of our national economy, and constructing "three-dimensional" logistics is an important way to keep our country's logistics system steadily-growing over the long term. Also, it's a positive response to logistics adjustment and promotion plan issued by State Council on March 10, 2009. This article illustrates the connotation of "three-dimensional" logistics system, discusses and analyzes the overall framework of "three-dimensional" logistics network in the macroscopic level, the intermediate perspective level, and the microscopic level, and then carries on the empirical analysis by collected and arranged the data from 1991-2008. This article proves the scientific and feasibility of the "three-dimensional" logistics in the theory and practice.

This research aims to determine the Financial Administration of the Regional Government Information System at the Regional Secretariat of Minahasa Regency. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews and documentation methods. Data processing techniques with stages of data reduction, data presentation and verification. This research highlights the Financial Administration of Regional Government Information Systems (SIPD) at the Regional Secretariat, both in the aspects of budget planning and budgeting. Planning is carried out using the Strategy Formulation, Work Control, and Monitoring Management processes, while budgeting is carried out based on the Work Guidelines, Coordination Tools, and Monitoring processes. so that there are obstacles in planning, namely planning efficiency, facilities and infrastructure, and readiness to use SIPD, as well as obstacles in budgeting, namely employee transfers, human resources, and the expenditure filing process which are factors inhibiting the SIPD financial administration process at the Regional Secretariat of Minahasa Regency. Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the SIPD Financial Administration at the Regional Secretariat has been running well even though there are still many obstacles. It is recommended that the Regional Government increase the capacity of Human Resources, repair and increase supporting facilities and infrastructure, and for the Central Government to perfect the SIPD application.

Purpose: Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government shows a division of authority between the Central Government, Provincial Government, and City Regency Government. Mapping or classification of central and local government affairs is regulated in Article 9 to Article 26.Methodology:The method used in research for writing this paper is to use the type of research "Normative," namely by using secondary data. Normative Law Research is research conducted on laws and regulations related to the legislation in this paper. In addition, by conducting a literature review of related literature.Findings: With regional autonomy, the government in the region in running the government requires costs to take care of its household for the region to get money; a source of regional income is needed.Implication:The Financial Relationship between the Central Government and Regional Government has been established by Law Number 1 of 2022 concerning Financial Relations between Central and Regional Governments, which repealed Law Number 28 of 2009 concerning Regional Taxes and Regional Levies and Law Number 33 of 2004 concerning Financial Balance between the Central Government and Regional Governments.

Purpose: Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government shows a division of authority between the Central Government, Provincial Government, and City Regency Government. Mapping or classification of central and local government affairs is regulated in Article 9 to Article 26.Methodology:The method used in research for writing this paper is to use the type of research "Normative," namely by using secondary data. Normative Law Research is research conducted on laws and regulations related to the legislation in this paper. In addition, by conducting a literature review of related literature.Findings: With regional autonomy, the government in the region in running the government requires costs to take care of its household for the region to get money; a source of regional income is needed.Implication:The Financial Relationship between the Central Government and Regional Government has been established by Law Number 1 of 2022 concerning Financial Relations between Central and Regional Governments, which repealed Law Number 28 of 2009 concerning Regional Taxes and Regional Levies and Law Number 33 of 2004 concerning Financial Balance between the Central Government and Regional Governments.

Logistics system, being one of the most important sectors that offer substantial supports to national economy, its reliability and stability has a direct impact on the healthy development of national economy. With demand of modern integrated logistics service upgraded, the traditional chain-like structure of logistics system is being developed into a networked one. Taking the perspective of logistics service, the research conducts a deep analysis on the connotation of logistics network service and the basic structure of logistics network based on service relationship. Then the reliability of service provider/demander of logistics network is calculated. The research puts an emphasis on calculation of integrated logistics service reliability offered by logistics network with network-optimizing functions to fulfil optimal allocation of resources and concludes with some research suggestions

This paper is a review of Italy's stuttering progress towards regional autonomy. At the unification of Italy in 1860, a centralised administrative structure was adopted, as prescribed by the Piedmontese Constitution of 1848. Centralisation of political power reached its apogee during the Fascist period. Regionalist sentiment resurfaced strongly after the last war and gained formal expression in the 1948 Republican Constitution, which provided for the creation of five ‘special’ and fourteen (later fifteen) ‘ordinary’ regions. The special regions—regions of special linguistic or political sensitivity (Valle d'Aosta, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sicily and Sardinia)—were established between 1948 and 1963, but delays orchestrated by the Christian Democrat-dominated central government, reluctant to relinquish its power, postponed the establishment of the ordinary regions until the 1970s, when pressure from the Socialist Party prevailed. The legislative powers of the regions are of three forms: Exclusive (available only to the special regions), complementary, and integrative, the order representing progressively diminishing elements of decisionmaking autonomy. Several regions in central Italy have elected Communist regional governments. However, hopes that the regional governments would be instrumental in ending corrupt and inept government and eradicating regional disequilibria, have mostly been misplaced, although some progress has been made, especially in the northern regions, in the fields of administrative reform, social service organisation, and regional economic planning. The principal reason for lack of progress is the continuing central government control over regional government funds. In many regions considerable amounts of unspent funds have accumulated owing to a combination of political stalemate at the regional level and central government veto. Special attention is given in this paper to the relationship between regional autonomy and (1) local government, and (2) regional planning. To conclude, the present state of play represents an uneasy compromise between the two contradictory historical forces of centralism and regionalism, present since unification. Although there has been a significant departure from the rigid centralisation of the past, the retention of most of the important powers by the central government frustrates the ambitions of the regions to really organise their own affairs.

The existence of financial relations between the central government and regional governments is an embodiment of the concept of delegating authority from the central government to regional governments which is referred to as "Regional Autonomy". Through the dynamics of central and regional government financial relations, a financial management system is required that regulates financial rights and obligations between the central government and regional governments that are carried out in a fair, transparent, accountable and aligned manner based on laws and regulations. The presence of Law Number 1 of 2022 concerning Financial Relations between the Central Government and Regional Governments, is an improvement in the implementation of financial relations between the central government and regional governments as an effort to create an efficient allocation of national resources. So through this research the focus of the analysis on the two main pillars. First, how are the preparations for the implementation of Law Number 1 of 2022 on the Padang City Government in order to increase the regional tax sector? Second, what is the response of the Padang City Government to the implementation of tax options in Law Number 1 of 2022? To answer the focus of the study, this research uses empirical juridical research methods with research specifications to the Regional Revenue Agency of Padang City and is analyzed through library research and data analysis methods using juridical-qualitative. The results of this study conclude that the Municipal Government of Padang in preparation for the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2022 has carried out activities such as completing the drafting of the implementing Regional Regulations with the Provincial Government of West Sumatra, conducting regional potential studies with competent parties, conducting outreach to the public as taxpayers, and technical guidance to tax collector employees within the Regional Government Organization (OPD) in order to maximize the regional wealth potential in the City of Padang.