The Effects of Prolonged Spaceflights on the Human Body

Abstract

Publisher Summary Results of medical investigations of long-term missions have shown that humans can adequately adapt and efficiently work in space for as long as a year. In the past, good health condition and adequate performance during extended space missions were enhanced by various measures: countermeasures against the adverse effects of microgravity, a comfortable environment, rational work-rest cycles and sufficient sleep, and a well-balanced nutrition. Proper selection and composition of crews was also important as was good physical, professional, and medical training. In summary, medical investigations during and after extended space missions provide evidence that humans can maintain a good health status and adequate work capacity when exposed to the space environment for as long as year. During space missions, many physiological systems develop consistent changes that are adaptive and reversible. Physiological responses during and after flight are largely dependent on the countermeasures used; they are also influenced by individual characteristics of the crew members and, to a certain extent, by the flight duration.