The effects of loneliness and social isolation on cognitive impairment-free life expectancy in older adults

Abstract

Objectives This article aimed to examine the effects of social connection comprising loneliness and social isolation on cognitive impairment-free life expectancy (CIFLE). Methods Data on 28,563 older adults (aged 65+) were drawn from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey with a median follow-up of 4.00 years. Multistate Markov models were used to estimate the independent and joint effects of social connection with CIFLE. Cognitive impairment was measured by the modified Mini-Mental State Examination. Results For men and women, respectively, reduced CIFLEs at age 65 associated with loneliness were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.41–1.48) and 1.35 (95%: CI 0.77–1.90) years, and those associated with social isolation were 2.23 (95% CI: 1.67–2.78) and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.67–3.30) years. Compared with those with neither loneliness nor social isolation (‘neither’ group), older adults at age 65 with both loneliness and social isolation (‘both group’) lost CIFLEs of 2.68 (95% CI: 1.89–3.48) and 3.51 (95% CI, 2.55–4.47) years for men and women, respectively. Similar patterns were observed in the oldest-old adults (age 85 or over). A growth trend transpired in the difference of the proportion of the remaining CIFLE between ‘neither’ group and ‘both’ group with age. Conclusion Loneliness and social isolation are associated with decreased CIFLE in older Chinese adults. Policy makers and the public must be informed that early identification and management of loneliness and social isolation, especially when coexisting, are crucial.