The effects of dynamic dwell time systems on the usability of eye-tracking technology: a systematic review and meta-analyses

The mechanism by which conventional kinesin walks along microtubules is poorly understood, but may involve alternate binding to the microtubule and hydrolysis of ATP by the two heads. Here we report a single amino-acid change that affects stepping by the motor. Under low force or low ATP concentration, the motor moves by successive 8-nm steps in single-motor laser-trap assays, indicating that the mutation does not alter the basic mechanism of kinesin walking. Remarkably, under high force, the mutant motor takes successive 16-nm displacements that can be resolved into rapid double 8-nm steps with a short dwell between steps, followed by a longer dwell. The alternating short and long dwells under high force demonstrate that the motor stepping mechanism is inherently asymmetric, revealing an asymmetric phase in the kinesin walking cycle. Our findings support an asymmetric two-headed walking model for kinesin, with cooperative interactions between the two heads. The sensitivity of the 16-nm displacements to nucleotide and load raises the possibility that ADP release is a force-producing event of the kinesin cycle.

Colon Cancer Screening Models: Lessons and Challenges

The paper is concerned with the physical and metallurgical changes that occur in hot forging dies. These changes are examined by the execution of simple upsetting tests on a Petro-Forge high speed hammer. Each test involves the forging of 1000 steel (En 8) billets using flat dies in two materials, No.5 and H.50 steels. The temperature conditions for each test are varied by changes in the dwell time, from 5 ms to 1 s, and by the use of either unlubricated dies or dies lubricated with a colloidal graphite-water mix. Macroscopic examinations of the surfaces, and microscopic examinations and microhardness tests of surface sections are carried out on each pair of dies. It is found that dwell time affects the condition of the die surfaces in two distinct areas, for both die materials. In the die centre, with lubricated dies, a mild form of cracking present at the shortest dwell time, disappears as the dwell time increases. In contrast, away from the die centre, where metal flow and die surface temperatures are likely to be at a maximum, severe cracking is present at the longest dwell time and this reduces to a minimum as the dwell time is reduced. There was little evidence of cracking in any area with unlubricated dies. The micro-examinations reveal the presence of a layer of martensite away from the die centre with lubricated dies, the layer thickness increasing with dwell time. It is also thicker with No.5 than with H.50 dies. No transformation is evident at the die centre, nor when unlubricated dies are used. It is argued that during hot forging there are four possible temperature-cycles per blow with respect to the minimum and maximum surface temperatures in relation to the austenite and martensite transformation temperatures, and in only one case is martensite found in the die surface. This case corresponds to the conditions reported, when a water-based lubricant is applied and when the dwell time is sufficiently long for austenite to be formed. The effects of the dwell time and of a change in die material prove this supposition. The effects of temperature cycling and phase transformations on the thermal fatigue of the dies is discussed. It is concluded that transformation is the major cause of the severe cracking created in certain die areas of the reported results. It is stated that the use of coolants, as opposed to lubricants, in hot forging is a compromise and can be detrimental except where long dwell or contact times lead to severe softening of the working surfaces of the dies.

Standardizing Disinfectant Wipes Across a Hospital System

Dwell time has been widely used in various fields to evaluate content quality and user engagement. Although many studies shown that content with long dwell time is good quality, contents with short dwell time have not been discussed in detail. We hypothesize that content with short dwell time is not always low quality and does not always have low user engagement, but is instead related to user interest. The purpose of this study is to clarify the meanings of short dwell time browsing in mobile news application. First, we analyze the relation of short dwell time to user interest using large scale user behavior logs from a mobile news application. This analysis was conducted on a vector space based on users click histories and then users and articles were mapped in the same space. The users with short dwell time are concentrated on a specific position in this space; thus, the length of dwell time is related to their interest. Moreover, we also analyze the characteristics of short dwell time browsing by excluding these browses from their click histories. Surprisingly, excluding short dwell time click history, it was found that short dwell time click history included some aspect of user interest in 30.87% of instances where the cluster of users changed. These findings demonstrate that short dwell time does not always indicate a low level of user engagement, but also level of user interest.

Empirical analysis of commercial vehicle dwell times around freight-attracting urban buildings in downtown Seattle

Dwell time verification in brachytherapy based on time resolved in vivo dosimetry

Efficient dwelling time loading and unloading at the port has been widely done. Behind this research was carried out the implementation of the National Logistics Ecosystem (NLE) by using a dynamic system to reduce dwelling loading and unloading time at the Port of Jakarta International Container Terminal. The purpose of research were to find out the development of dynamic system models and the impact of NLE implementation in reducing dwelling time. This research method used dynamic system models and validation tests with behavior pattern tests. The validation results of the dynamic system model were obtained dwelling time between 2.79 - 4.56 days, mean error by 3% and standard deviation error by 11% and the implementation of NLE caused a decrease in dwelling time between 0.96 - 2.30 days, resulting in a decrease in dwelling time by 70%. The results of simulated container flows between 120,909 - 195,212 containers, mean error by 0% and standard deviation error by 19% with the application of NLE container flows between 132,952 - 200,077 containers. The results of the simulation of unloading quantity of 67,295 – 103,342 TEU's, mean error by 1% and standard deviation error by 24% with the application of NLE between 86,169 – 108,032 TEU's, average – average of 96,712 TEU's / month, there was an increase in the quantity of unloading by 130 TEU's / month. The implementation of NLE can be applied to port operationsKeywords: Dwelling Time, Port, National Logistic Ecosystem, Dynamic System ModelÂ

Dwell time indicates how long a user looked at a page, and this is used especially in fields where ratings from users such as search engines, recommender systems, and advertisements are important. Despite the importance of this index, however, its characteristics are not well known. In this paper, we analyze the dwell time of news pages according to category in smartphone application. Our aim is to clarify the characteristics of dwell time and the relation between length of news page and dwell time, for each category. The results indicated different dwell time trends for each category. For example, the social category had fewer news pages with shorter dwell time than peaks, compared to other categories, and there were a few news pages with remarkably short dwell time. We also found a large difference by category in the correlation value between dwell time and length of news page. Specifically, political news had the highest correlation value and technology news had the lowest. In addition, we found that a user tends to get sufficient information about the news content from the news title in short dwell times.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created unprecedented strain on health care resources in the United States. Initial reports of AKI rates from Wuhan, China ranged between 3% and 9%, although rates as high as 15% have been reported (1,2). For AKI requiring RRT, intermittent hemodialysis (HD) and continuous RRT (CRRT) have been mainstays of therapy in the United States. However, shortages in supplies, staffing, and available equipment among critically ill patients with COVID-19, particularly in the New York City area, have demanded alternative strategies such as acute peritoneal dialysis treatment for AKI (AKI-PD) that are being implemented. Here, we will review the rationale for the use of AKI-PD and describe potential advantages, criteria for patient selection, and practical considerations on the basis of initial experiences to consider when prescribing and delivering peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD was routine for AKI treatment worldwide well into the 1980s. However, by the 1990s with the development of the central venous catheter for HD and the advent of CRRT, PD became rarely used in higher-resource countries to treat adult patients with AKI (3). The utility and efficacy of PD to treat patients with AKI were re-examined after the publication of a series of articles from Brazil, including a randomized trial, demonstrating that PD provided acceptable care, was not inferior to daily HD in treating acutely ill patients with AKI in terms of patient mortality, and was associated with a shorter duration of AKI and need for RRT (4,5). These findings were confirmed in a randomized trial from Saudi Arabia comparing PD with hemodiafiltration (6). AKI-PD expanded dramatically in lower-resource countries with the advent of the Saving Young Lives Program in 2012, which promoted the use of PD because of minimal infrastructural requirements, including a lack of need for water …

Decision letter: Disruption in structural–functional network repertoire and time-resolved subcortical fronto-temporoparietal connectivity in disorders of consciousness

Catheter deadspace: a source of error during tonometry

No. 598 Application of endobronchial forceps for IVC filter retrieval with short dwell times: early term results and comparison outcomes against traditional removal techniques

Effect of inter-layer dwell time on distortion and residual stress in additive manufacturing of titanium and nickel alloys

<p>Clustering of clinopyroxene (Cpx) and titanomagnetite (Tmt) is commonly observed in magmatic products and crystallisation experiments. The existence of crystallographic orientation relationships (CORs) between Cpx and Tmt is thought to indicate their formation by heterogeneous nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation is promoted by high degrees of undercooling, and thus associated with disequilibrium microstructures and compositions. We studied the effect of isothermal annealing on Cpx-Tmt clusters exhibiting CORs, in order to examine whether information about cluster formation is preserved during re-equilibration at depth in a magmatic system.</p><p>We analysed samples synthesized in experiments of Pontesilli et al. (2019), which aimed to reproduce the crystallisation behaviour of an Etnean trachybasalt, under nominally anhydrous (0 wt.% H<sub>2</sub>O) and hydrous (2 wt.% H<sub>2</sub>O) conditions, at mid-crustal storage conditions (400 MPa, 1100°C, NNO+1 oxygen buffer), corresponding to a degree of undercooling of 120°C and 80°C, respectively. After superheating at 1300°C for 30 minutes, samples were cooled at 80°C/min to 1100°C and annealed for dwell times ranging from 0.5h to 8h.</p><p>We employed electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis to characterise microstructures and detect CORs. In hydrous samples, phase fraction, maximum crystal size, and perimeter/area ratio are unaffected by dwell time. In contrast, anhydrous samples exhibit decreasing crystal fraction with increasing dwell time. Although crystallinity falls overall in anhydrous samples, area fraction of Tmt increases slightly up to 2h dwell time. The increase in Tmt area correlates with an increase in maximum Tmt size and a decrease in Tmt perimeter/area ratio.</p><p>Tmt exhibits two closely related CORs to Cpx, COR1 ([-110]<sub>tmt</sub>//[010]<sub>cpx</sub>, [111]<sub>tmt</sub>//(100)*<sub>cpx</sub>, [-1-12]<sub>tmt</sub>//[001]<sub>cpx</sub>) and  COR 2 ([-110]<sub>tmt</sub>//[010]<sub>cpx</sub>, [-1-11]<sub>tmt</sub>//(-101)*<sub>cpx</sub>, [112]<sub>tmt</sub>//[101]<sub>cpx</sub>). The fraction of the total length of Cpx-Tmt boundaries that follow one of the two CORs (<em>F<sub>COR1+2</sub></em>) exceeds 60% in all samples. However, the relative frequencies of the two CORs vary. In hydrous samples with dwell times of 4h and below, <em>F</em><sub>COR2 </sub>(~55%) exceeds <em>F</em><sub>COR1</sub> (~10%). However, at 8h dwell time, the frequency of both CORs is ~30%. In anhydrous samples at dwell times of 1h and below, the pattern is reversed, with <em>F</em><sub>COR1</sub> (~40%) exceeding <em>F</em><sub>COR2 </sub>(~20%). The frequency of both CORs is once again ~30% for dwell times of 2h and above. The normalised abundance (total length/map area) of boundaries with a COR does not change in the hydrous samples, and only decreases slightly in anhydrous samples. After 8h, the total abundance of boundaries with a COR is similar, regardless of water content.</p><p>The different COR frequencies observed at short dwell times in hydrous and anhydrous samples imply that the Cpx-Tmt clustering mechanism is affected by degree of undercooling. Re-equilibration of COR frequencies progresses faster in the anhydrous samples, correlating with the greater intensity of microstructural re-equilibration observed. In rapidly cooled systems, relative frequencies of different Cpx-Tmt CORs could potentially be used to estimate degree of undercooling. Total abundance of boundaries associated with a COR remains constant, suggesting that Cpx-Tmt CORs preserve some information about heterogeneous nucleation on longer timescales.</p><p>Pontesilli et al. (2019), Chem Geol 510:113-129. 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.02.015</p><p>Funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): P 33227-N</p>