The effects of bullying in depression on white matter integrity

Abstract

Individuals with elevated symptoms of depression exhibit alterations in white matter integrity, including lower fractional anisotropy (FA) evident on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Similarly, individuals with a history of early life stress (ELS) exhibit lower FA in the white matter independent of concurrent depression. Prior studies have not determined whether the neuroimaging signature of comorbid ELS and adult depression differs from the pattern of brain white matter changes associated with depression in the absence of self-reported ELS. The current study examined FA in multiple white matter tracts in 186 adults (93 males; 93 females) with a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder, including 88 who reported a history of bullying before the age of 18 (43 males; 45 females). All patients were antidepressant medication free at the time of testing. After adjusting for demographics and other ELS subtypes, participants with a history of bullying exhibited increased FA in the right medial lemniscus (p =.039) and left posterior corona radiata (p =.008) compared to participants with depression but no self-reported history of bullying. Both groups endorsed similar levels of depression. Group differences were most pronounced among individuals who endorsed bullying in late adolescence (14–17 years of age). Results suggest bullying in late adolescence is uniquely related to abnormal brain microstructure among individuals with current diagnoses of depression, possibly due to an overactive fear response. Further work is needed to differentiate why ELS within bullying is associated with higher FA.