The effects of a learning management model using design thinking and community-based learning to enhance local visual art design in line with the creative economy concept among high school students

The purposes of this research study for designing the innovative learning management lesson plans in the form of the STEM Education Method (STEMe) on Magnetic Force Issue in science class which were to develop an innovative learning management lesson plan that based on the model of learning management with the STEMe, students’ learning achievements of their assessing pretest and posttest techniques based on the STEMe were compared, students’ creative thinking abilities (CTA) of their pre-CAT and post-CAT based on the model of learning management with the STEMe were assessed, and students’ learning achievements of their assessing posttest and their creative thinking abilities based on the model of learning management with the STEMe were associated. Administering this research target group which a sample consisted of 32-primary students at the 2nd grade level in the second semester in the academic year 2016 from Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University Demonstration School under the Office of Higher Educational Commission was selected. Using a main Innovative Learning Management Lesson Plan (ILMLP) in the form of the STEMe in 14 hours was designed. Students’ learning outcomes of their pretest and posttest assessments were obtained using the 30-item Science Achievement Test (SAT). Students’ performances of their creative thinking abilities were determined using the 8-item Creative Thinking Ability Assessment (CTAA). Statistically significant with means, standard deviation, percentage, independent t-test, simple and multiple correlations of Pearson’s movement correlation were analyzed. The results of these research finding have found that followed as: The innovative learning management plans in the form of the STEMe were evaluated to determine performance criteria with the efficiency of the processing performance and the performance results (E1/E2) of the ILMLP to management of students’ activities in science class indicated that of 99.55/80.10. The average mean scores of students’ post learning achievements was a higher than the learning outcomes of their pre-test with the LAT on Magnetic Force Issue were differentiated evidence at the 0.01 level, significantly. Comparisons between students’ creativity thinking abilities of their pre-SAT and post-SAT assessments were assessed with the CTAA based on the model of learning management with the STEMe were differentiated that evidence of statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Associations between students’ learning outcomes of their posttest (SAT) assessment and their creative thinking abilities (CTAA) toward science in science class were related of the variance in previous critical thinking abilities and science rerated that evidence of statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Article visualizations:

The objectives of this research were (1) to develop the experiential learning management model to develop career skills for primary school students, and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the experiential learning management model. The sample was divided into two groups: (1) the sample used to evaluate the appropriateness of the learning management model, namely 5 experts in learning management model development and career skills development of students, were obtained by purposive sampling; (2) the sample used to evaluate the effectiveness of the learning management model consisted of 30 students in grade 6 of Ban Khek Noi School, which obtained by simple random sampling. Data analysis statistics were mean, standard deviation, and repeated measure ANOVA. Research findings showed that (1) the experiential learning management model was appropriate at a high level; (2) the students career skills after using the learning management model at a very good level; and (3) the post-career skills scores of the students who learned from the experiential learning management model were significantly higher than their pre-career skills score at the .05 level.

The objectives of this research articles were 1) to study problems and obstacles in teaching and learning management according to the Four Noble Truths for primary school students under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, 2) to study the process of learning and teaching development according to the Four Noble Truths for primary school students under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, and 3) to propose a model of teaching and learning management according to the Four Noble Truths for primary school students under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Mixed methods research was used for the design. Quantitative data was collected from 345 samples and analyzed by descriptive statistics using percentage, mean and standard deviation and qualitative data were collected by interview 10 key informants and focus group discussion with 10 experts. The results of the research showed that 1) conditions, problems and obstacles in teaching and learning according to the Four Noble Truths of primary school students in the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, it was found in 5 aspects which were (1) curriculum, (2) learning process, (3) learning and teaching materials, (4) learning activities, and (5) assessment. Considering each aspect in descending order showed that learning activity was shown at a high level of opinion. In teaching materials, it was found at a high level of opinion, and the curriculum was at a high level. The learning process was at a moderate level of opinion, and in assessment was at a low level, respectively. 2) The process of learning and teaching development according to the Four Noble Truths through 5development processes which were the 1st Process was suffering (problem determination) problem condition and cause of suffering, the 2nd process was a cause or hypothesis, development of analysis and the process of finding suffering, the 3rd process was results, collecting data and experimental methods to prove the hypothesis, there was a planning to solve the problem, the 4th process was solution to develop an analysis according to the principle categorize data to classify problems, and the 5th process was to summarize the results of integrated learning with the Four Noble Truths. 3) A model of teaching and learning management according to the Four Noble Truths was proposed 5 STEPS LEARNING which consisted of Model 1 was to search for knowledge, formulate problems and ask questions; Model 2 was to make hypotheses, analyze causes of problems, and seek the cause of suffering particularly teaching form; Model 3 was a method of thinking, creating a learning model in connection with objectives to concept to cause and effect, building knowledge from concept, theory and practice, and distinguish categories sort data that links through various processes; Model 5 was to summarize from 4 models according to the Four Noble Truths which could be utilized for the peaceful integrated Buddhist education for sustainability

This research intends to study the conditions and problems of learning management in Mathematics for undergraduate students. The research problem is that students have low achievement and ability problem-solving in mathematics. The research method used is development through conducting preliminary studies and quantitative survey research, producing initial designs of integrative learning models. The results of this research were used to develop the mathematics learning model. The research was conducted over one year considering two groups. The first sample was collected from the group with 376 students studying mathematics in the academic year 2020. The second sample was collected from the group with 116 professors of public universities in Thailand. Questionnaires were used as a tool of the research. The data analysis was divided into two stages. The first stage was to analyze supporting factors with factor analysis. The second stage was to design the learning management of students and professors with regression analysis. The results have shown that the opinions of students and professors on conditions and problems of learning management can be summarized as follows: (1) The students’ arguments for corrections in the aspects were group learning and teamwork, steps of solving problems, a learning model that is real situations, and the problem-based learning, respectively. (2) The professors’ opinions for corrections in the aspects were student interaction, academic achievement, problem-based learning, and learning management model that is current situations, respectively. (3)The supporting factors for developing the learning management model that professors and students were consistent in solving problems. It was found that there were three main factors as follows; group learning, problem-based learning, and active learning. The learning management model should be developed by integrating group learning, problem-based learning, and mathematical problem-solving to enhance problem-solving and mathematics learning achievement.

The objectives of this research were to study the current situation of and the needs for teacher competency development in learning management, and to develop a learning management model. The sample was 95 teachers selected by simple random sampling. Research instruments were a questionnaire and a learning management model created through the process of drafting, evaluation and verification, and improvement. Statistics used for data analysis were mean, percentage, and standard deviation. The findings indicated teachers’ opinions towards the current situation of learning management that promotes critical thinking skills and active citizenship with global mindedness at a high level. The need for developing learning management competency were also at a highest level. Components of the learning management model include: i) Basic principles and concepts; ii) Learning objectives; iii) Learning process and learning assessment; and iv) Learning outcomes. The teacher development process includes: professional learning community (PLC), guidelines for learning management, design of learning management, measurement and evaluation, teaching practicum, supervision, reflection, and lesson learned. The model showed the suitability at a highest level.

With the development of the economy, the role of e-commerce websites in the sales of products has become increasingly prominent. This is the result of comprehensive reflection of various factors, and the visual art design therein has a huge role in promoting sales. Effective visual arts promote consumer buying decisions. Visual marketing has become an effective means in the field of e-commerce. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce websites in sales, summarizes the current state of visual art design in e-commerce, and puts forward the practice of applying visual art design and application in e-commerce applications to promote advantages and make up for lack of recommendations.

Infectious diseases are diseases that causing by organisms, bacterias virus fungi or parasites. These organisms can spread from person to person either direct or indirect. Once organisms live in our bodies then destroyed the normal processes causing signs and symptoms that depend on the type of organisms. Good hygiene behavior is one of the important means to reducing transmitted diseases. To promote knowledge, attitude, hygiene practices among high school students, especially hand hygiene are significantly prevent the spread of infectious disease not only oneself but also classmates. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude, and hygienic behavior and to study factors associated with hygienic behavior. Study Methods: A cross sectional survey research that studied a group of high school students. An online survey was developed in a google form and distributed to grade 10-12 students of a private high school in Chiangmai, Thailand, during April-May 2022. Descriptive statistics frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, were used to analyze participants characteristics. Persons correlation coefficient was used to study association among variables. Results: A total of 381 students participate in this study. Most participants were female (n=199, 62.6%). Most of them studied in grade 11 (n=187, 58.8%). Majority of participants parents worked in the health science field (n=79,24.8%). Most participants reported a good level of hygiene-related knowledge (M=9.15, SD=1.70), Attitude toward hygiene(M=49.52, SD=1.57), and hygiene practice (M=49.00, SD=2.72). Male participants had attitudes toward hygiene and hygiene practice higher than females but had scores of hygiene knowledge less than females. Grade 10 students showed the highest scores of knowledge about hygiene(M=8.46, SD=2.57), attitudes toward hygiene(M=49.77, SD=1.02), and hygiene practice(M=49.51, SD=1.57). Participants whose parents worked as a teacher earned the highest scores in both hygiene knowledge (M=9.55, SD=0.60) and hygiene practice (M=49.68, SD=1.04). Conclusion: This study showed that almost all volunteers have a high excellence knowledge about hygiene. Good attitude toward hygiene. Excellent hygiene practices . Factors that affect students hygiene are attitude toward hygiene and hygiene practices. To encourage education about hygiene, attitude toward hygiene, and hygiene practices through social media, online, and website. Keyword: hygiene behavior, adolescent, knowledge Introduction Infectious diseases are illnesses that are caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites1. They can spread from one person to another either directly (via skin contact with bodys fluid, bodys secretion, or droplets in the air though coughing and sneezing) or indirectly ( via contaminated food or water), including insects, animals, or the environment (table top, door knob, or faucet handle) to person2. Organisms that cause disease are called pathogens3.When pathogens enter our bodies then destroy the normal process of our bodies and/ or stimulate immune systems, reaction of tissue4. The defense responses depend on the organisms, often including fever, fatigue,inflammation, and other systemic or local symptoms5. Hygiene is the series of practices performed to preserve health. Hygiene behavior is the process to control transmission of infectious disease to the public, including individual communities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) “ Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases”.personal hygiene refers to maintaining cleanliness of ones body and clothing to preserve health and well-being6. To promote personal hygiene might be the single cost- effective way to reduce the global burden of infectious diseases like that for COVID-19, Avian influenza, ( aerosol route) Cholera (oral route), etc. Stimulation for personal hygienic practice reduces personal infection, healing process, recovery time, good health,and wellbeing. Good personal hygiene practices are the most effective way to protect contaminated pathogens7. Hand hygiene,hand washing with soap, water, or hand sanitizer especially before eating, feeding, after toilet are the cessation of fecal- oral route transmitted diseases, example diarrhea, food poisoning8. Hand washing after coughing and sneezing reduces pathogens in aerosol droplets before catching surroundings things to quit the air - borne respiratory infection,for example cold , flu, moreover regularly hand washing when contact outside body is important for health hygiene practices. So hand hygiene is the major key in preventing the spreading of infectious disease in daily life. Body hygiene,showering or bathing regularly usually twice a day , but during an outbreak of infectious disease showering and changing clean clothes after going outside to reduce pathogens that contaminated clothes are necessary9. High school students, teenagers, or teens 15-19 years old. Inadequate knowledge, lack of attitude toward hygiene, without routine hygiene practices leading to transmitted disease not only oneself but also classmates. Motivation for good personal hygiene practices are important to prevention of transmitted disease10. Teens might learn how to care for their body health and avoid high risk behaviors in contact with pathogens. Many high schools have high personnel density and close contact so easily causing outbreak of transmitted diseases especially respiratory disease and gastrointestinal diseases .Social distancing, reducing gatherings places, strict hand sanitizer, cover mask, well cooked food, and healthy food. These are important factors to get healthy and prevent transmitted disease11. The clever new technology, the change of teens health behavior . Furthermore some teens live in a dormitory far from family combined with imitative behavior getting from social media surrounding persons. the urgent health problem in teens are sexual transmitted diseases including unwanted pregnancy12. Unhealthy, or contaminated food that brought from street causing diarrhea. Objective of the study To assess knowledge, attitude, and hygienic behavior To study factors associated with hygienic behavior Methods Participants and procedure This was a cross-sectional observational study. An online questionnaire was purposely developed and made available through Google From between 13 April 2022 and 14 May 2022. All students who were eligible were invited to participate in the study. The invitation was sent to social media groups of all classes. The students have access to their classes social media groups, so they all receive an invitation. In this invitation, information about the objectives of the study as well as the ethical guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity in the data collected as stated in the informed consent were explained. Participation was completely free and voluntary, and no personal data were collected from any participant. Of the 318 students, a total of 1,342 students participated in the study (response rate: 24%). Instrument The questionnaire was developed based on a literature review including Hygiene knowledge ,infection prevention and control knowledge which reviewed from Ministry of Public Health related studies on hygiene practice among high school students. A preliminary version of the instrument was reviewed by students to validate its content. A pretest was then performed with a small sample of students to test for comprehension and difficulty. All the questions remained without modifications. The psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire were tested, as described in the statistical analysis subsection. The final version of the questionnaire contained 33 questions 3 about sociodemographic date ( gender, education level and parents occupation) and 30 items divided into 3 sections First Independent Variable is knowledge about hygiene. This scale consisted of 10 statements related to hygiene. The participants were asked to choose the correct answer from multiple choices of 3. One point was assigned to each correct answer, while providing an incorrect answer received zero points. The sum of all items was made hence higher scores corresponded to a higher level of knowledge. Second Independent variable is attitude toward hygiene. This scale was composed of items, and response categories consisted of a five-point likert scale (from 1-strongly disagree, to 5 agree) with the highest score corresponding to more positive attitudes toward preventive behaviors.Some items on the scale were inverted for the analysis. A sum of all the items was made to obtain a score. The “Attitude toward hygiene” factor consisted of 10 items and varied from 1 to 5 and the higher values corresponded to a more positive attitude toward hygiene. Dependent variable is hygiene behavior. This scale referred to the number of preventive behaviors adoption and included 10 items. The data analysis reports 5 items. Each item was answered using a five-point scale (From 1-Never to 5-Always), with one point assigned to each behavior that was always practiced. The number of behaviors practiced was added up. A high score on this scale indicated good preventive behaviors, ranging from 12 to 60. Statistical analysis The analysis was performed using SPSS for windows, version 26. To analyze psychometric characteristics of the scales, an exploratory factor analysis, using principal component analysis with varimax rotation, was carried out. Reliability was analyzed through the calculation of item-total correlation coefficients and Cronbachs alpha (α ) for the scales of the questionnaire. The descriptive analysis were presented in absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies, mean (M) and standard deviations (SD). To assess the differences between the outcome variables (Knowledge, attitudes and hygiene practice) and the sociodemographic characteristics, considering the sample size, independent t-test and the ANOVA were used as appropriate. The correlations between the outcomes of the study were calculated by Pearsons correlation. Lastly, a generalized linear model was calculated to determine the predictive variables of the preventive behaviors. Exp (β) and the respective 95% confidence intervals (95% IC) were presented. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Ethical Approval. Ethical approval was obtained from the study sites prior to data collection, and consent was assumed as completing the survey questions. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any point or choose not to answer any question. Participants confidentiality was maintained as no identifying information was collected and findings will be disseminated only in aggregate. Ethical Considerations This research uses an anonymous data collection method to collect data from grade 10-12 Students of private school in Chiang Mai, Thailand, by using Google form. The invitation was sent to the classroom social media group In these invitations, information about the studys objectives and the ethical guarantee of confidentiality and anonymity in the data collected as stated in the informed consent was explained. Participation was completely free and voluntary, and no personal data were collected from any participant. Result This study comprised a total of 318 students. The sociodemographic characteristics of the sample are presented in Table 1. Most students were female (n=199, 62.6%), 187 (58.8%) of the students studied in grade 11. 70 (22%) of the students studied in grade12. The rest studied in grade10 and above (n=61, 19.2%). Most students parents occupation were Medical / Nurse / Pharmacy / Dentist / Veterinary / Medical Technician (n=79, 24.8%) followed by Business / Trading of parents occupations group (n=74, 23.3%) and Executives / Company employees / Civil servants / State enterprises parents occupations group (n=71, 22.3% ) respectively. Regarding knowledge about hygiene, students revealed good knowledge about hygiene, correctly answering mean of 9.15 (SD=1.70) questions in a total of 10. Female students showed higher knowledge scores (M=9.40, SD=1.03) than male students (M=8.74, SD=2.04). Education level group of grade11 showed the highest hygiene related knowledge score of 9.41 (SD=1.29). Students whose parents occupation was teacher showed the highest hygiene related knowledge score of 9.55 (SD=0.60). Students showed a good level of attitude toward hygiene with an average score of 49.52 from 50 full scores. Male students showed a higher attitude toward hygiene score (M=49.77, SD=0.98) than female students (M=49.37, SD=1.82). Education level group of grade10 showed the highest attitude toward hygiene score of 49.77(SD=1.02). Students who parents occupation were Medical / Nurse / Pharmacy / Dentist / Veterinary / Medical Technician showed the highest attitude toward hygiene score of 49.76 (SD=1.17) Students showed a good level of hygiene practice with the average score of 49.00 from 50 full scores. Male students showed higher hygiene practice scores (M=49.71, SD=1.40) than female students (M=48.58, SD=1.39). Education level group of grade10 showed the highest hygiene practice score of 49.51(SD=1.57). Students whose parents occupation was teacher showed the highest hygiene practice score of 49.68 (SD=1.04). Table 1. Differences in outcomes according to the sociodemographic characteristics of participants (N = 318) Sociodemographic characteristics N (%) Knowledge about hygiene (Range 0-10) M (SD) Attitude toward hygiene (Range 10-50) M (SD) Hygiene practice (Range 12-60) M (SD) Gender Male 119 (37.4) 8.74 (2.40) 49.77 (0.98) 49.71 (1.40) Female 199 (62.6) 9.40 (1.03) 49.37 (1.82) 48.58 (3.19) Education Level Grade 10 61 (19.2) 8.46 (2.57) 49.77 (1.02) 49.51 (1.57) Grade 11 187 (58.8) 9.41 (1.29) 49.62 (1.62) 49.25 (2.65) Grade 12 70 (22) 9.07 (1.58) 49.04 (1.73) 47.90 (3.35) Parents Occupation Medical / Nurse / Pharmacy / Dentist / Veterinary / Medical Technician 79 (24.8) 8.32 (2.75) 49.76 (1.17) 49.34 (2.27) Teacher 22 (6.9) 9.55 (0.60) 49.73 (0.88) 49.68 (1.04) Business / Trading 74 (23.3) 9.46 (0.89) 49.49 (2.03) 49.23 (2.47) Executives / Company employees / Civil servants / State enterprises 71 (22.3) 9.30 (1.43) 49.59 (1.04) 48.82 (2.67) Freelance 37 (11.6) 9.46 (0.90) 48.65 (2.47) 47.70 (4.50) others 35 (11) 9.54 (0.74) 49.71 (0.86) 49.06 (2.14) Total 318 (100) 9.15 (1.70) 49.52 (1.57) 49.00 (2.72) The analysis of the correlations between the outcomes of the study - knowledge, attitudes and hygiene practice- revealed the existence of positive and statistically significant correlations between attitude toward hygiene practice (r=.663, p<0.01). Table 2. Pearsons correlation coefficient between the study outcomes Variables Knowledge about hygiene Attitude toward hygiene Hygiene practice Knowledge about hygiene 1 Attitude toward hygiene .017 1 Hygiene practice .018 .663** 1 **Correlation is Significant at the 0.01 *Correlation is Significant at the 0.05 Discussion This study focused on assessing hygiene knowledge, attitude toward hygiene, and hygiene practice among high school students. A total of 381 students participate in this study. Most participants were female (n=199, 62.6%). Most of them studied in grade 11 (n=187, 58.8%). Majority of participants parents worked in the health science field (n=79,24.8%). Most participants reported a good level of hygiene-related knowledge (M=9.15, SD=1.70), Attitude toward hygiene(M=49.52, SD=1.57), and hygiene practice (M=49.00, SD=2.72). Male participants had attitudes toward hygiene and hygiene practice higher than females but had scores of hygiene knowledge less than females. Grade 10 students showed the highest scores of knowledge about hygiene(M=8.46, SD=2.57), attitudes toward hygiene(M=49.77, SD=1.02), and hygiene practice(M=49.51, SD=1.57). Participants whose parents worked as a teacher earned the highest scores in both hygiene knowledge (M=9.55, SD=0.60) and hygiene practice (M=49.68, SD=1.04). Female participants showed a higher level of hygiene knowledge than male participants while male participants had a higher score of attitude toward hygiene and hygiene practice than females. This may be because male participants have started following both hygiene and beauty trends. This may be because male participants have started following both hygiene and beauty trends. This may be because over the last decade, male participants have started following both hygiene and beauty trends13.This study was consistent with the study of SAUDI nursing students showed that male participants had higher score of hygiene practices than female participants, but lest attitude toward hygiene14.Grade 10 students reported the highest score of hygiene knowledge, hygiene attitude and hygiene practice among participants from other classes. This may be because of grade 10 students, the younger participants had more docile than grade 11 and grade 12, . It was not consistent with the study among Koreas general populations showed that the older age groups showed better than the younger age groups.15. Our results contrasted to Mohammed ALBashtawys study that the higher class level students had the higher hygiene scores16. Participants whose parents worked as a teacher reported the highest score of hygiene knowledge, hygiene attitude and hygiene practice amongst participants whose parents were from other occupation fields. There was a positive and statistically significant correlation between Hygiene Attitude and Hygiene practice. Therefore improving hygiene practice among high school students could be done by strengthening attitudes toward hygiene through various means of effective communication that are suitable for this group17.These study results were different from Stephen T Odonkor and et al.s study that participants whose parents worked in the science field showed the highest level of hygiene knowledge among others parents occupations18. Limitation This studys questions are about general knowledge not specific to high school students. Even when answering the online questionnaire some students may search from the internet. Moreover the data collected during COVID-19 pandemic, all participants working from home, study online may not be aware of the risk of infection. Conclusions This study showed that almost all volunteers have a high excellence knowledge about hygiene. Good attitude toward hygiene. Excellent hygiene practices . Factors that affect students hygiene are attitude toward hygiene and hygiene practices. To encourage education about hygiene, attitude toward hygiene, and hygiene practices through social media, online, and website.

Facing the information age, the field of visual art design is also influenced and inspired by big data. Based on the comprehensive analysis of big data, this study discusses its practical application and potential value in visual art design. Starting from the core elements of big data, this paper deeply analyzes its challenges and countermeasures in art design, further combs the complete link from data collection, processing and analysis to model optimization, proposes a theoretical framework that combines big data analysis with visual art design, and on this basis, carries out a series of empirical analyses. Through the application of refined data processing and analysis models, the aim is to realize the organic combination of precision and creativity in the process of art design, and to explore the future integration of art and technology.

The objectives of the study were to study the effectiveness of the SQ4R technique in enhancing grade 11 students&amp;#39; critical reading and to investigate the students&amp;rsquo; satisfaction with the SQ4R technique as a model of learning management in a reading class. A quasi-experimental approach was selected, and one group of participants was employed. The participants were 31 Thai grade 11 students in a secondary school in Thailand. The instruments were an SQ4R learning management plan, a critical reading test, and a satisfaction questionnaire were research instruments. The data were collected in a public school in Thailand. It took a semester to complete a pre-test, an implementation of the SQ4R learning management, a post-test, and a satisfaction survey. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean score, standard deviation, a paired samples t-test, and effectiveness index with the determining criteria of 80/80. the result shows positive effects of the SQ4R model on participants&amp;rsquo; critical reading. It also indicates students&amp;rsquo; satisfaction with the instructional model.

Community-based learning is a strategy or model of learning management that integrates curricular content into the community using work based learning to encourage learners to learn from real-life situations in the community under the participation of teachers, learners and people in the community. The purposes of this research were to develop environmental education learning plans for enhancing rivers management in the Northeast of Thailand using community-based learning as effective and effective, to study and compare knowledge, attitude and environmental ethics for enhancing rivers management in the northeast before and after study and to compare knowledge, attitude and environmental ethics for enhancing rivers management in the Northeast of students with different gender. The sample used in the study were 50 the third year undergraduate students in Environmental Education program, Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, which was derived by purposive sampling. The research tools were the environmental education learning plans for enhancing rivers management in the Northeast of Thailand using community-based learning, knowledge test, attitude test and environmental ethics test. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and hypothesis testing using Paired t-test and One-Way ANOVA. The results of the research showed that: 1) The environmental education learning plans for enhancing rivers management in the Northeast of Thailand using community-based learning were the efficiency of 81.08/85.43, the efficiency index was a value of 0.7709, it showed that the students have increased knowledge and resulted in the students progressing from their studies accounted 77.09%; 2) The students had average score of the knowledge, attitude and environmental ethics in the posttest higher than the pretest statistical significance (p &lt; .05); 3) There was statistically significant different of score of knowledge, attitude and environmental ethics of students with different gender (p &lt; .05).

Researches on design activity and cognitive process of different design disciplines have been explored on the foundation of design thinking theories through various research methods. This paper calls to the attention of visual communication designers' thinking processes with research goals of proposing a research method for the analysis of visual communication designer’s thinking process and conducting experiments on visual communication designers to analyze design activities and cognitive processes from problem structuring phase to detailing phase. After a comprehensive review on research methods for the analysis of design thinking process, experiment appropriate for examining design activities and cognitive processes of visual communication designers is designed. Two visual communication designers participated in the experiment and the verbal and visual data collected are analyzed through two separate coding schemes. Results from the experiments indicate that visual communication designers perform various activity modes such as thinking, examining, writing, sketching, and working with computer throughout the process of designing. They structure ill-defined design problem by multi-modal activities of thinking and examining and generate either a design concept or a visual concept by writing and sketching. They refine visual design by working with computer. The simultaneity and the modal shifts of the activities have shown to make novel design decisions. Visual communication designers diverge their thoughts during problem structuring phase to preliminary design and again, during design refinement to detailing for visual exploration . Convergence of visual concept is done rapidly after examining their writings. Convergence of visual execution is done by the designer’s level of satisficing design work through computer iterations.

The workshop will engage participants to co-create concept maps and a visual thesaurus associated with ‘design thinking’. For design researchers, scholars and practitioners this workshop aims to expose the epistemological challenges and opportunities associated with ‘design thinking’ in management and leadership contexts. Concept mapping is a tool and technique that aims to enable visual thinking and knowledge organization skills. It offers a way to externalize understanding of complex topics (i.e. design thinking) in terms of both intra- and inter-personal relationships (i.e. within the management domain). A visual thesaurus displays semantic connections using pictures or images, not words. It aids in recognizing visually similar events or visual synonyms. Workshop participants will be guided through a series of visual thinking and design techniques to develop concept maps and a visual thesaurus for ‘design thinking’ and design-related terminologies within the management discourse. The outputs generated from the workshop will reflect a multidisciplinary understanding of the subject for knowledge translation and identify future research goals

Exploring design ideas, through two dimensional and three dimensional forms, is the basis of design exploration and visual design thinking during the design process. Imagining how drawings and models (be it manual or digital) will be presented in reality is the essence of visual design thinking. By the beginning of the 20th Century, architecture has become more three dimensional in design exploration and in representation. This transition to three dimensions makes the processes of visual design thinking more related to digital media. The nature of media, utilized by architects, affects design-exploration processes. The research investigates both the processes of visual design thinking and the interrelation between visual design thinking and digital media, in order to shed more light on how digital media should be introduced to students of architecture.

Research has illustrated the role visual design plays in effective communication and instruction. However, more research has yet to investigate how online course designers (i.e., anyone who designs online courses) add visual appeal to online courses. This study explored the visual design process in online course develop ment. It examines how educators utilize the Thinking, Looking, Doing, and Critiquing (TLD+C) method in online course design, identifying common barriers in applying visual design principles. The research high lights a gap in formal visual design training among instructors and emphasizes the need for institutional support in enhancing visual design in online education. Through semi-structured interviews with experienced educators, the study revealed how design thinking, despite its complexity, is crucial in creating effective and engaging online courses.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamic nature of demotivation in English language learning. To this end, the present research recruited students from high school, college, and university to investigate whether the darker side of motivation interacts with students' educational level. Using an adopted questionnaire designed by Kikuchi (2011), this study employed both descriptive and inferential statistics, chosen according to the nature of the research objectives. In descriptive statistics, means and standard deviations were calculated to determine the rank and order of the factors that had debilitating effects on English learners' motivation. Moreover, a one-way MANOVA was performed to determine whether there were differences in students' demotivation across educational levels. The findings revealed that the mean scores for all six demotivating factors were higher for college and high school students than university students. Additionally, high school students' mean scores for demotivating factors such as class environment, class materials, and lack of interest were higher than those of college students. On the contrary, college students' mean scores for class characteristics and experiences of failure-related demotivation were higher than those of high school students. The one-way MANOVA results showed significant differences in demotivating factors across students with different educational levels, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The scores for high school and college EFL students on all six demotivating factors were significantly higher than those of university students. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between high school and college EFL students on all six demotivating factors. These findings implicate teachers, learners, and policymakers to foster a learning environment beneficial for English language learning.