The Effect of Using the Pentagram Strategy as a Modern Tool for Teaching the Chest Pass and Layup Skills in Basketball for Juniors Under 14 Years Old

The current research aims to use the Seven E's model and to identify its effects on the technical performance level of the following basic basketball skills (chest pass – rebound pass – dribbling – free throw – ladder shot) for female students of the second stage of basic education and the cognitive achievement level of the following (history – law – technical performance form) for female students of the second stage of basic education. The researcher used the experimental approach (two-group design) with pre- and post-measurements. Research community included all second-grade female students of Al-Menshawy preparatory school for girls – Tanta during 2015-2016 academic year (n=230). The researcher randomly chose (50) students (21.7% of research community) as a main sample and divided them into two equivalent groups (experimental = control = 25). The experimental group used the Seven E's model while the control group used the regular (instruction and mode) method. Another (20) students from the same research community and outside the main sample were used a pilot sample. Results indicated that: The educational program with Seven E's model had positive effects on the performance level of basketball skills under investigation of the experimental group with improvement percentages from 42.48% to 398.17% in favor of post-measurements. The educational program with Seven E's model had positive effects on the cognitive achievement of the experimental group with improvement percentage of 328.99% in favor of post-measurements The regular educational program with instruction and model had positive effects on the performance level of basketball skills under investigation of the control group with improvement percentages from 20.04% to 180.19% in favor of post-measurements. The educational program with instruction and model had positive effects on the cognitive achievement of the control group with improvement percentage of 196.67% in favor of post-measurements Post-measurements indicated statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group on the performance level of basketball skills under investigation with improvement percentages ranging from 22.44% to 217.98%. Post-measurements indicated statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group on the cognitive achievement with improvement percentage of 132.32%. The Seven E's model had positive effects on learning basketball skills and the cognitive achievement of students.

The study aims at revealing the following: 1-The effect of (direct &indirect) mental training accompanied with the scheduling of random practice in learning some basic offensive skills in Basketball. 2-the differences in the result of post – test between research groups in learning some basic offensive skills in basketball 3-The differences in the arithmetic means between research groups in the retention test of some basic offensive skills in basketball. The researchers has applied the empirical method for its suitability with the nature of the research. Researchers subjects consisted of (20) students from the first stage in the College of Physical Education - Salahaddin University, Erbil, for the academic year 2008-2009. They were divided equally into two groups each of which consisting of (10) students. The teaching methods were distributed to the two groups under discussion by lot and as follows: • The first empirical group has used (indirect) mental training accompanied with the scheduling of random practice. • The second empirical group has used (direct) mental training accompanied with the scheduling of random practice. Equivalence between the two groups was attained in the variables of (, intelligence, concentration, athletic mental visualization, motor perception, some physical and motor elements of fitness, and some basic offensive skills in basketball). The researcher has further made use of interviews, questionnaire, testing, and measuring as means for collecting data to attain the researchs aims. The two educational programs consisted of (24) educational units in as much as of 12 educational units for each group, divided into (6) weeks two educational units for each week. The time of each educational unit is (90) minutes. The educational programs were applied to the two groups on Wednesdays and Fridays of each week as from 27/01/2009 and for 6 weeks. The application of the educational programs ended on Saturday 05/03/2009. The researcher has used the following statistical means: arithmetic mean, Standard deviation, T-test for two correlated and uncorrelated arithmetic means, The researchers has attained a number of conclusions 1- The educational programs that applied mental training (direct and indirect) accompanied with the scheduling of random practice were of uneven affirmative effect on learning some basic offensive skills in Basketball for the First, stage students. 2- equivalence between first and second groups in skills (chest pass , quick pass , one hand pass above the shoulder , dribble change direction ,free pass , side shot ) in post test 3- The second empirical group that applied (direct) mental training accompanied with the scheduling of random practice surpassed the first empirical group in skill test (high dribble) 4- The first empirical group that applied (indirect) mental training accompanied with the scheduling of random practice surpassed the, second empirical group in skill test (shot while bouncing after dribble , lay-up under hand shot and lay up over hand shot . 5- The two empirical groups showed retention preference in the basic offensive skills in basketball in the following order: - First empirical group: (mental training (indirect) + random practice). In skills (quick pass , one hand pass above the shoulder , free pass , shot while bouncing after dribble , lay-up under hand , shot and lay up over hand shot , side shot ) - second empirical group: (mental training (direct) + random practice).in skills (chest pass , high dribble , dribble with change direction)

<strong><em>The aims of the study was :-</em></strong> - <strong><em>To explore the impact of using both styles of exercise scheduling (practice) Constant-distributed, distributed Variable in learning some basic offensive skills in mini basketball. </em></strong> - <strong><em>Comparing the impact of using both styles of exercise-scheduling (practice) Constant-distributed, distributed Variable in learning some basic offensive skills in mini basketball in the post test. </em></strong> - <strong><em>Comparison between the impact of using both styles of practice scheduling Constant-distributed distributed Variable in retention some basic offensive skills in mini basketball. </em></strong> - <strong><em>Experimental method was used to for its suitability to the nature of the study , sample of the study consisted of (30) players , , which divided into two equal, each group consisted of (15) players for each group , equivalent was done for the sample in variables of groups ( mass , length , age , some of motor and physical elements , some of the basic</em></strong><strong><em>attacking skills in mini basketball . Programs period were (7) weeks , two learning units in a week for each group , time for each unit was (45) minutes</em></strong><strong><em> .</em></strong><strong><em> Data was treated statistically by using the { Arithmetic mean , standard deviation ,simple correlate (pearson)</em></strong><strong><em>,</em></strong><strong><em> (T) test for the paired equal number and unpaired equal number samples } .</em></strong> - <strong><em>The researchers concluded the following :-</em></strong> - <strong><em>It was positive, effective influence for the style used in the study (constant-distributed, distributed Variable in learning basic skills in mini basketball in different degrees. </em></strong> - <strong><em>Superiority for the second experimental group which used the exercise scheduling (practice) distributed Variable on the first experimental group which used the exercise-scheduling (practice) constant- in all basic skills in the mini basketball under study. </em></strong> - <strong><em>The second experimental group have more retention of the basic skills in the mini basketball than the first experimental group</em></strong>

This research aimed to identify the effectiveness of role-playing strategies in developing some basic offensive basketball skills (chest pass, high dribble, and layup) among first-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon. The researcher used an experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of 66 students randomly assigned to two equal groups. The experimental group participated in a role-playing-based training program, while the control group studied using the traditional method. The training program lasted for seven weeks, comprising 14 training units. The research relied on standardized skill tests that were validated for reliability, validity, and objectivity. These tests included chest pass, high dribble, and layup. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The research results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests, favoring the experimental group in all the skills studied. The experimental group also outperformed the control group in the post-tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of the role-playing strategy in improving skill performance, increasing social interaction, and developing attention and focus during learning. The researcher concluded that the role-playing strategy is an effective teaching method for basketball skills, as it provides an interactive learning environment that simulates real-life game situations and takes into account the individual differences among students. The research recommends adopting this strategy in physical education curricula and conducting similar studies on other sports and different age groups.

The atmosphere in Baghdad and most regions of Iraq during the summer is characterized by extreme heat and aridity. These climatic conditions are among the negative factors that significantly impact cognitive function and the performance of athletic skills. Consequently, The current study was designed to investigate the impact of hot and arid conditions on dehydration levels, specific physiological indicators, and the performance of key basketball skills among first-stage students at Al-Mustansiriya University. A sample of 30 students was randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group was permitted to consume water and fluids ad libitum (as needed) before the practical lecture. In contrast, the experimental group was prohibited from consuming water and fluids before and during the physical and skill exercises of the lecture, except in critical cases. Following the practical session, physiological indicators were measured (body temperature, pulse rate, and body weight to determine dehydration levels). Lactic acid concentration was also measured, and skill tests were administered (chest pass and free throw). After data collection, the results were processed statistically. Several conclusions were drawn. The hot and dry environment significantly affected dehydration levels during physical and skill exercises. This impact was markedly more severe in the experimental group, which was restricted from fluid intake, though the control group was also affected to a lesser degree. These conditions also adversely affected the physiological indicators (increased pulse rate and body temperature) and led to an elevated level of lactic acid. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends providing ample and regular access to water and fluids during practical lectures. Furthermore,

Introduction and research questionThe aim of this study is to examine the impact of the flipped classroom strategy and learning through play on the acquisition of basic skills among students in the Basketball 1 course at Birzeit University.Theoretical frameworkTheoretically, this study contributes to the literature on integrating technology in sports education, opening new avenues for understanding its impact on motor skill development. It also enriches the scientific understanding of modern educational strategies, such as flipped classrooms and gamified learning, and provides valuable data to guide the development of future educational programs.MethodsAn experimental method was employed, with a sample of 66 male and female students divided into three equal groups of 22 students each. These included a control group taught using the traditional method, the first experimental group, which utilized the flipped classroom strategy, and the second experimental group, which applied the learning-through-play strategy. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).ResultsThe key findings revealed statistically significant differences favoring the flipped classroom strategy, followed by the learning-through-play strategy, for all basketball skills under investigation: chest pass, jump shot, lay-up shot, and dribbling. This study recommends incorporating both the flipped classroom and learning-through-play strategies in teaching fundamental basketball skills in the Basketball 1 course. To gather experimental data for analysis, the researchers observed the participants once a week.ImplicationsThe findings suggest several significant implications: Projective learning is the second-best approach in the flipped classroom, second only to the traditional flipped classroom technique. Consequently, the flipped classroom approach is the recommended method for integrating physical education, particularly basketball, into Palestinian institutions and universities.Discussion and conclusionThis study contributes to filling research gaps in the literature by presenting a comprehensive approach that combines two modern strategies, namely, flipped learning and game learning, to improve fundamental motor skills in basketball, with a particular focus on the psychological and social effects, as well as the long-term impact of these strategies. This study expands the application of the flipped classroom approach in the field of motor skills in basketball, enriching the relevant literature on the flipped classroom mode.

The study aimed to: - Identifying the effect of a manufactured method in developing neuromuscular compatibility and performance for some physical abilities and basic skills in basketball. Preparing a manufactured method for developing neuromuscular compatibility and performance for some physical abilities, the basic skills in basketball. The researcher used the experimental method (designing two equal groups) appropriate to the nature of the problem. As for the sample of the research, it included the basketball players represented by the team of the College of Education for Girls, and the researcher prepared tests of basic skills, physical abilities, and neuromuscular compatibility necessary. Statistically using the program (spss) , While the results were presented and discussed in the fourth chapter, they showed significant differences between the pre- and post-test for the two groups (experimental - control) and in favor of the post-test, and the tests were in favor of the experimental group, The conclusions were 1- Using the proposed method saves the effort and time for the coach and the players in the training and development. 2- The special exercises using the manufactured training method helped the experimental group outperform the control group with all skills in basketball for the female players.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of arm muscle training on improving chest pass skills in basketball, a fundamental technique essential for effective ball distribution between players. Methodology/approach: A literature review method was employed by examining 18 scientific sources, including national and international journals and academic books published between 2004 and 2024. Thematic content analysis was used to identify the relationship between arm muscle training and chest pass proficiency. Results/findings: The findings indicate that arm muscle training such as push-ups, weightlifting, and medicine ball chest pass drills significantly improve the power, accuracy, and distance of passes. These exercises also contribute positively to other basic basketball skills such as dribbling, shooting, and additional passing techniques. Statistical data from multiple studies confirm the effectiveness of such training on technical performance. Conclutions: Arm muscle training plays a vital role in enhancing chest pass effectiveness, particularly through the development of biceps and triceps strength. Therefore, this form of training should be integrated as a core component in structured basketball skill development programs. Limitations: This study is limited to a literature-based analysis without direct experimental validation, suggesting that further empirical research is needed to confirm the findings in real training environments. Contribution: The study offers a systematic and comprehensive synthesis of existing literature, which has not been extensively reviewed in this context, and provides practical guidance for coaches in designing targeted and evidence-based arm muscle training programs.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effect of arm muscle training on improving chest pass skills in basketball, a fundamental technique essential for effective ball distribution between players. Methodology/Approach: A literature review method was employed by examining 18 scientific sources, including national and international journals and academic books published between 2004 and 2024. Thematic content analysis was used to identify the relationship between arm muscle training and chest pass proficiency. Results/Findings: The findings indicate that arm muscle training such as push-ups, weightlifting, and medicine ball chest pass drills significantly improve the power, accuracy, and distance of passes. These exercises also contribute positively to other basic basketball skills such as dribbling, shooting, and additional passing techniques. Statistical data from multiple studies confirm the effectiveness of such training on technical performance. Conclusions: Arm muscle training plays a vital role in enhancing chest pass effectiveness, particularly through the development of biceps and triceps strength. Therefore, this form of training should be integrated as a core component in structured basketball skill development programs. Limitations: This study is limited to a literature-based analysis without direct experimental validation, suggesting that further empirical research is needed to confirm the findings in real training environments. Contribution: The study offers a systematic and comprehensive synthesis of existing literature, which has not been extensively reviewed in this context, and provides practical guidance for coaches in designing targeted and evidence-based arm muscle training programs.

Know effect of variable practice schedules accompanied by some educational tools and way followed in learning number of attack skills in basketball on two groups of research. Preference between control and experimental research groups in learning a number of offensive basketball skills as shown in results of post-test. Researchers assumed that: There are significant differences between pre- and post-test results of control and experimental group in learning number of offensive skills in basketball and in favor of post-test results. Researchers used experimental method with two equal groups. Research community was (190) male and female students of academic year (2023-2024) . Research sample was (32) freshmen in Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department / College of Basic Education / University of Mosul in academic year2023/2024. Two independent variables were given to two classrooms in a random way using simple random draw, each group had (16) students. Control group studied traditionally depending on their professor while experimental group studied according to variable practice schedules accompanied by various educational tools. Educational curriculum contained (16) educational unit so that each group took (8) units. Time of each educational unit is (90) minutes. Researchers concluded that: Experimental group that used variable practice schedules accompanied by various educational tools out-performed control group in learning number of offensive skills in basketball in post-test results and all other skills.

The research aims at revealing the effect of using four teaching styles in developing some skills in basketball at first year female pupils. The study is based on the experimental approach due to its suitability. The Society of the research were 88 first year female pupils at their intermediate stage in Ba’sheeq. They were divided into four groups each of which consisted of 22 pupils. Equivalence concerning the variables age, height and weight was achieved in addition to a number of elements of physical and some basic skills in basketball. The first experimental group used the inclusion style in teaching whereas the second experimental group used small homogenous groups. The third used the sample of small heterogeneous groups while the fourth experimental group used the command style. The execution of the educational program lasted 8 weeks with the average of two educational units per week. The time devoted for each educational unit was 45 minutes. The data were collected and tested statistically by using mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient (Person), T-test for equal correlated samples, analysis variance in one direction and Duncan’s L.S.R. The analysis showed the following findings: 1. The inclusion style and the two samples of small groups styles were found more effective in developing some basic skills like passing , dribbling and shooting in basketball. 2. the command style were found developing in skill pass. 3. The sample of small homogeneous groups compared with the other educational styles was found more effective in developing the shooting skill.

Background and Aim: After the investigation found that the current stage of elementary school basketball teaching only teaches basketball skills, while ignoring the training of fitness, related research verifies that functional training can better practice fitness, while fitness has a key role in basketball skills, so it is especially important to join functional training. Related studies have also proved that after functional training, basketball skills and fitness greatly improved. Therefore, this paper proves that functional training is more effective by adding functional training to the basketball program for primary school students. Materials and Methods: This paper is a quasi-experimental study with a sample of 30 people divided into an experimental and control group of 15 people each. The experiment has eight weeks, three times a week training, training times are Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, each training time 60 minutes. Before the formal experiment, the functional training program IOC test and Try Out, record the basic information of the physical characteristics of the experimental group, the control group, and the data of the experimental group, the control group of the basketball test and fitness test, and calculate the mean and standard deviation of the data through statistical software. Comparison between the experimental group and control group before the experiment was done by t-test, and comparison between the experimental group and control group after the experiment was done by t-test for basketball skill test and fitness test, and one-way ANOVA repeated test and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used for basketball skill test and fitness test within the experimental group, and the significance level was 0.05. Results: (1) The t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the test results of the experimental group and the control group in the pre-test, but there was no significant difference in the post-test, and the test results of the experimental group were better than those of the control group in the post-test. (2) ANOVA shows a significant difference between the test results of the experimental group in the pretest-posttest, and the improvement in the experimental group's performance is better than that of the control group. Conclusion: After the experiment, the basketball skills and fitness of the experimental and control groups improved, but the experimental group improved better than the control group.

Researchers put the subject to know the relationship between learning and its impact on physical patterns and here lies the importance of research through comparison between the three types of body (skinny - obese - muscular) in learning some offensive skills basketball. The research problem was to ask whether the individual differences in the physical patterns of learners lead to individual differences in the learning of offensive skills in basketball and if there are differences in learning will be in favour of any pattern? The current research aims to: Identify the physical patterns of the students of the first stage and classify them into groups according to those patterns: Identify the differences between groups according to their physical patterns in the results of pre-test tests in some skills in basketball; Identify the differences between groups according to their physical patterns in the results of post-test in some skills in basketball. Therefore, the hypothesis are: There are no statistically significant differences between the results of the pre-test tests for some basketball skills and for the three research groups; There are no statistically significant differences between the results of the post tests for some basketball skills and for the three research groups. The researchers used the descriptive method of comparative study method to suit the nature of the research problem on the students of the first stage in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Science College of Basic Education at the University of Mustansiriyah for the academic year 2014/2015 The number of female students (28) has been identified three types of body (fat - muscular - The formula for calculating the physical pattern and classifying them according to pre-established criteria has been adopted. Based on the experience of the researchers, the skills under study were identified (high medical, low medical, free throw, peaceful correction) and after conducting pre-test tests and implementing the termination. Educational and then posteriori tests were statistical processors reached through which the researchers to: There were no significant differences between the groups according to the physical patterns in the performance of some motor skills in basketball for pre-tests. There were no significant differences between groups according to the physical patterns in the performance of some motor skills in basketball for post - tests.

This research aims to identify the effect of an educational program using introductory games on the level of performance of basic skills for beginners in basket ball. It used the experimental approach. The research sample included (40) novice basket ball players at Mansoura Sports Stadium. Use data collection methods: content analysis, personal interviews, tests, and scales to collect data. The most important results were the positivity and effectiveness of the educational program using introductory games on the level of performance of the skills under study in basket ball. The experimental group that used the introductory games outperformed the control group that used the traditional method.

Rondo training is one of the important training methods due to its importance in maintaining the ball on the one hand, and on the other hand, its role in developing motor coordination and its impact on the accuracy of the basic skill represented by the long pass from the shoulder level and the compound skill represented by the dribbling and chest pass. Motor abilities are also a link between physical and skill abilities and play an important role in the accuracy of performing the game’s skills, whether offensive or defensive .The objectives of the research were to prepare rondo basketball training for female students, and to know the effect of rondo training on developing motor coordination in basketball for female students, and that developing motor coordination affects the accuracy of basic and compound skills in basketball. For female students, the researchers used the experimental method using the single-group method, where the experiment was conducted on a sample randomly selected by (lottery) from the second-stage female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls / University of Baghdad, with a number of (15) students and a percentage of (17%). The exploratory experiment and pre- and post-tests were carried out in addition to the main experiment, which lasted (8) weeks, with one unit per week according to the lessons in the table. It was implemented from 1/27/2025 to 3/17/2025. The researchers concluded that there is an effect of Rondo training in developing motor coordination, as well as the emergence of its effect in all research variables and the emergence of differences between the pre- and post-tests of the variables of the research sample‘ And this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).