The effect of training and Tribulus terrestris extract on the antioxidant system and telomere functional markers in the liver tissue of rats exposed to stanozolol

A Comparison of Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Training in Patients With and Without Chronic Kidney Disease

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women in Turkey and worldwide. It is considered a heterogeneous disease and has different subtypes. Moreover, breast cancer has different molecular characteristics, behaviors, and responses to treatment. Advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms implicated in breast cancer progression have led to the identification of many potential therapeutic gene targets, such as Breast Cancer 1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha, and tumor protein 53. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) (alias p85α) and phosphatase and tensin homolog in breast cancer progression and the molecular mechanisms involved. Phosphatase and tensin homolog is a tumor suppressor gene and protein. Phosphatase and tensin homolog antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway that plays a key role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog expression, detected in about 20%-30% of cases, is known to be one of the most common tumor changes leading to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway activation in breast cancer. Instead, the regulatory subunit p85α is a significant component of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, and it has been proposed that a reduction in p85α protein would lead to decreased negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and hyperactivation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 protein has also been reported to be a positive regulator of phosphatase and tensin homolog via the stabilization of this protein. A functional genetic alteration of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 that results in reduced p85α protein expression and increased insulin receptor substrate 1 binding would lead to enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and hence cancer development. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 underexpression was observed in 61.8% of breast cancer samples. Therefore, expression/alternations of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog genes have crucial roles for breast cancer progression. This review will summarize the biological roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog in breast cancer, with an emphasis on recent findings and the potential of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog as a therapeutic target for breast cancer therapy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training (RT) with creatine monohydrate supplementation (CS) on serum levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in older adults. This study evaluated the effect of resistance training with creatine monohydrate supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, muscle strength and quality of life in older adults. We examined 45 non-athlete volunteer older men and women (mean, 68.1 ± 7.2 years old), were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 15: RT with creatine supplementation (RT + CS), RT with placebo (RT + P) and control group. RT protocol was performed for 10 weeks, three sessions per week. Creatine supplement was taken daily at a dose of 0.1 g/kg of body weight, while the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch. Fasting blood samples were taken before the start of program and at the end of the RT period. In the training groups, after 10 weeks of RT, a significant decrease in MDA and 8 - OHDG as well as a significant increase in serum levels of GPX and TAC were observed (in all cases, p = 0.001). In addition, creatinine levels were enhanced in the RT + CS (p = 0.014). Training intervention also improved quality of life and muscle strength in the experimental groups (p = 0.001), although muscle strength changes were more visible in the RT + CS group than in the RT + P group (p < 0/05). Regular resistance training can be recommended as a very suitable non-pharmacological approach to strengthen the body's antioxidant system, muscle strength and quality of life in older adults. There are no definite findings on the role of creatine on the antioxidant system and quality of life in older adults, but the use of this supplement in addition to RT can double the amount of strength gained from resistance training.

Background: Obesity, as a chronic disease, is becoming increasingly prevalent especially among women. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of resistance training (RT), concurrent resistance training and aerobic training (RT + AT) on visfatin concentrations and body composition in overweight and obese women. Methods: An eight-week pretest-posttest design with two experimental exercising groups and one control group was used. 45 overweight and obese women were randomized into resistance training (RT), concurrent resistance and aerobic training (RT + AT) or an education-only groups (EDU). All participants received a dietary and education/counselling intervention. However, only the RT and RT + AT group participated in the eight-week exercise training. Results: Repeated measures analysis showed that visfatin was significantly decreased by 8.5% in the RT (P = 0.02) and 29.2% in the RT + AT (P < 0.001), but not in EDU (3.7%; P = 0.22). BMI was decreased in the RT (6.8%; P < 0.001), RT + AT (8.1%; P < 0.001) and EDU (4.4%; P < 0.001), while BF% decreased in the RT (6.9%; P = 0.001), RT + AT (13.1%; P= 0.001), and EDU (4.9%; P = 0.020). WHR was decreased in the RT (2.4%; P = 0.001), in the RT + AT (4.2%; P = 0.002) and EDU (2.5%; P = 0.02). VO2max (mL.kg-1.min-1) increased in the RT (16.3%; P = 0.004), RT + AT (37.7%; P = 0.001), but not in EDU (7.2%; P = 0.72). The absolute value of VO2max (L.min-1) also significantly increased in RT + AT (0.25%; P < 0.05) compared to baseline, but did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: While RT and education-alone improved body composition and aerobic capacity, structured regular exercise incorporating both RT and AT may be required to improve visfatin and VO2max in overweight and obese females.

AimTo identify the effects of strength and balance training on dynamic balance and patient reported outcomes in people with chronic ankle instability(CAI).MethodFive databases(CNKI, WanFang, Web of Science, EBSCO-SPORTD and PubMed were searched in September 2022. The search was conducted on randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that the effects of strength training, balance training and combination of strength and balance training in people with chronic ankle instability compared to a control group. Using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata-SE 15 to conduct Meta-analysis on the included literature. methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed by using the PEDro scale.ResultsA total of 33 Chinese and English RCTs document were screened and 1154 patients with CAI were included in the study. Compared with control group, strength training, balance training and combination of strength and balance training demonstrated to be more effective in terms of improving patient reported outcomes(strength training: SMD = 0.80, 95%CI = 0.39–1.22; balance training: SMD = 0.79, 95%CI = 0.41–1.17; combination of strength and balance training: SMD = 1.28, 95%CI = 0.57, 1.99). Subgroup analysis: Intervention for 6 weeks, more than 3 times a week and more than 30 min each time were the best rehabilitation programs to improve CAI patientreported outcomes. Compared with control group, balance training demonstrated to be more effective in terms of improving Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT)((anterior: SMD = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.03–1.40; posterolateral: SMD = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.22–1.46; posteromedial: SMD = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.45–1.32). However, strength training and combination of strength and balance training had no improvement effects on SEBT.ConclusionsAvailable evidence showed that, results of the comparison between balance training versus strength training suggest that the combination of strength and balance training achieves greater benefits for patient reported outcomes and balance training could bring greater benefits to dynamic balance. Strength training should be used cautiously in clinic to improve the dynamic balance in individuals with CAI.Trial registration(http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, Registration No. CRD42022371396).

Data about effects of exercise training in adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) are very limited. This study investigated the effect of 2 different frequencies of the same intensity and total training volume of combined exercise training on indices of body composition, physical fitness, and lipid profile in overweight and obese adolescents with ID. A total of 45 overweight and obese adolescents with ID aged 14-22 years with a total IQ 45-70 received combined exercise training 3 times a week (CET3) for 30 sessions (10 weeks; n = 15), twice a week (CET2) for 30 sessions (15 weeks; n = 15), or no training (10 weeks; n = 15). Groups were matched for age, sex, and education form. Before and after the intervention period, indices of body composition, physical fitness and lipid profile have been evaluated. Compared to the control group, CET3 resulted in a significant improvement of physical fitness, obesity indices, and lipid profile of the participants. Comparing CET2 with CET3, no significantly different evolutions were noticed, except for lower limb strength in favor of exercising 3 times a week. In conclusion, exercising 2 times a week, which is more feasible and practical for participants and guidance, has the same health beneficial effects as 3 times per week in overweight and obese adolescents with ID in short-term training.

Introduction. Some athletes and non-athletes use peptide hormones to increase lean body mass and fat loss, but those effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant markers are unknown. The aim of this study was to show the physiological profile of oxidative stress and antioxidant markers in athletes and non-athletes following long-term self-administration of GH or IGF-1 Material and Methods. Seventy-five healthy young men with the history of peptide hormone (i.e., GH or IGF-1) use for at least 1 year (i.e., 3 to 4 times a year) or resistance exercise (RE) experience for at least 3 years volunteered to participate in this study and were divided into 5 selected groups including 1) GH use plus RE (GH+RE, n = 15), 2) IGF-1 use plus RE (IGF-1+RE, n = 15), 3) GH use (GH, n = 15), 4) IGF-1 use (IGF-1, n = 15), and 5) RE only (RE, n = 15). Blood sample was obtained one time in order to evaluate the resting concentration of oxidative stress markers including 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant defense systems (i.e., glutathione peroxidase [GPx], catalase [CAT], and glutamate [GLU]). Results. There were no significant (p &gt; 0.05) differences among the groups in the 8-OHdG, MDA, NO, GPx, CAT, and GLU levels. Conclusions. Self-administration of peptide hormone and RE for at least 1 year is not accompanied by alterations in resting oxidative stress and the antioxidant system in male athletes and non-athletes.

Clawson LL, Cudkowicz M, Krivickas L, Brooks BR, Sanjak M, Allred P, Atassi N, Swartz A, Steinhorn G, Uchil A, Riley KM, Yu H, Shoenfeld DA, Maragakis NJ. A randomized controlled trial of resistance and endurance exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degene. 2018;19(3–4):250–8.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is classified as a neurodegenerative disease that results in destruction of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord (1). The cause of this disease is unknown, with 90% of all cases being nonfamilial (1). As ALS progresses, it results in cachexia, loss of muscle mass and movement coordination, paralysis, and eventual death (1). It is estimated that 30,000 people in the US (1) and 1,400 people in Australia (2) are living with ALS.According to the American Academy of Neurology the current standard of care for persons with ALS includes static stretching and passive range of motion to offset muscle and joint stiffness caused by neurologic decline (3). Low powered studies and conflicting research results of the effect of resistance (weights lifting) and/or aerobic exercise on ALS have led to difficulty determining recommendations for these modes of exercise (3). Some researchers indicate that vigorous aerobic or intense resistance training may increase the risk of (4) or exacerbate the progression (3) of ALS. Because of this, some clinicians instruct patients to avoid these forms of exercise. On the contrary, authors of several studies in mice (5) and humans (6) suggest resistance and aerobic exercise have multiple benefits for ALS, including delayed onset of symptoms, slowed progression, and improved quality of life, without being a major risk factor (7). The aim of this study was to determine the tolerance and compliance of exercise when comparing resistance, aerobic, and stretching or passive range of motion exercises in persons with ALS.This 24-week, randomized controlled trial included persons with ALS who met these inclusion criteria: (a) classified as having lab-supported probable or definite ALS, confirmed by a neurologist and (b) willingness to participate in this study. Exclusion criteria were not mentioned. Due to difficulty with the recruitment of persons with ALS who were willing to perform exercises, this study began in April 2012, with the last participant enrolled in September 2015.Fifty-nine participants were randomly assigned to resistance training (n = 21), aerobic exercise (n = 18), or static stretching or passive range of motion [S-ROM] (n = 20). Tolerability was defined as each participant completing ≥50% of total repetitions assigned for resistance training and S-ROM and ≥50% of aerobic exercise duration programmed at a specific heart rate and perceived exertions scale (Borg 6–20) rating. Compliance was defined as each participant attempting ≥50% of all exercise sessions for the 24-week period. Broad compliance measures were implemented with anticipation of rapid progression of ALS and inability to perform higher intensity or longer duration exercise. As a result, broad compliance measures afforded participants greater consistency with exercise completion at each session. To improve retention and avoid travel to treatment center, home-based exercise was programmed for all participants. The participants' “home exercise partner” was initially trained by a physical therapist, and appropriate exercise form was evaluated at follow-up visits throughout the course of the intervention. Outcome measures included exercise compliance and tolerance with secondary measures, including ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised, ALS Scale for Quality of Life-Revised (3), Fatigue Severity Scale, Ash-worth Spasticity Scale (6), and Visual Analog Scale. Follow-up measures were taken at weeks 12 and 24. Training logs and teleconferences were used to track at-home exercise compliance and tolerance.All groups performed 3 exercise sessions per week. Resistance training included 2 sets of 8 repetitions with use of ankle or wrist weights. Initial intensity was 40% 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and was increased to 50% 1RM at week 4 and 70% 1RM at week 6. 1RM testing was conducted at baseline. Aerobic exercise included the use of a minicycle with 10 min of upper and lower body cycling, respectively, at 50%–70% heart rate reserve and 13–15 on the Borg scale. S-ROM exercise included 4 sets of 30-second static stretches for each exercise. For a list of exercises, see the Supplemental Material (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/suppl/10.1080/21678421.2017.1404108).Analysis of all primary and secondary outcomes was conducted at 12 and 24 weeks. Over the course of the study, there were 4 serious adverse events resulting in withdrawal from the study, none of which were deemed a direct result of the exercise intervention or resulted in death. In addition, another 11 participants were lost to follow up (n = 4), co-enrollment in another study (n = 1), difficulty with travel (n = 1), or complication associated with disease progression (n = 2). Minor adverse events that are frequently seen in persons with ALS included musculoskeletal injury, fatigue, and falling, which did not differ between the groups.When assessing the proportion of participants that were able to tolerate exercise, the S-ROM, resistance, and aerobic groups were 77%, 65%, and 51% compliant. These results indicated all 3 modes of exercise are well tolerated by persons with ALS and safe to perform, with greatest compliance occurring in the S-ROM and resistance groups. There were no differences at 12 or 24 weeks regarding any of the secondary measures, which suggests that resistance and aerobic training did not exacerbate or cause accelerated progression of disease, reduce quality of life, or increase fatigue in this sample of participants.This is one of the first studies to demonstrate that resistance and aerobic exercise is safe and well tolerated for persons with ALS, and compliance with resistance training is comparable with standard care (S-ROM). The findings of this study are supported by previous researchers (6,8) that demonstrate short-term improvement in disability associated with supervised resistance and aerobic training. It is possible that differences in exercise adherence can be attributed to the intensity parameters being too low for resistance training or too high for aerobic training, resulting in lower compliance rates associated with the S-ROM, respectively. Future researchers will need to focus on specific frequency, intensity, type, and volume of exercise programming for the management of ALS. Although the clinical exercise physiologist should interpret the results of this study with caution, the use of resistance and aerobic training should be considered as a management technique for patients diagnosed with ALS.Quinn L, Hamana K, Kelson M, Dawes H, Collett J, Townsen J, Raymund R, van der Plas AA, Reilmann R, Frich JC, Rickards H, Rosser A, Busse M. A randomized, controlled trial of a multi-modal exercise intervention in Huntington's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;31:4–52.Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetically linked neurodegenerative disease that is progressive and results in neuronal damage to the substantia nigra and cerebral cortex of the brain (1). HD is associated with nonmotor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, dementia, memory loss, and disorientation, as well as motor symptoms including chorea (irregular or rapid) and athetosis (slow or writhing involuntary) movements of the hands, feet, face, and trunk (1). Currently, there are approximately 30,000 people in the US (1) and 1,500 people in Australia (2) who are living with HD.The effectiveness of exercise as a management technique for HD is a relatively new research focus with limited studies. It is suggested that multimodal rehabilitation programs can improve physical function, quality of life (3), and possibly cognition (4) in persons with HD. Many challenges exist with determining the effectiveness of exercise-based interventions on HD, including level of supervision, appropriately programmed intensity, variability of cognitive impairment, exercise preference or tolerance, and comfort with exercise settings (5,6). These factors can lead to reduced initiation and adherence to exercise for persons with HD. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a multimodal exercise program on persons with mild to moderate HD to determine safety, feasibility regarding retention and adherence, and improvement of physical fitness, motor control, physical function, and cognition.This was a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial, that assigned 32 of 312 screened participants to an exercise (n = 17) or control (n = 15) group for a 12-week intervention and 26-week follow up. Inclusion criteria were (a) genetically confirmed cases of HD, (b) ≥18 years of age, and (c) stable medication regime of antichoreic drugs for 4 weeks. Participants were excluded if they were (a) unable to use an exercise bike, (b) had psychological or physical limitation precluding exercise testing, and (c) currently in an exercise program. All participants who met inclusion criteria were screened for cardiovascular risk factors and underwent electrocardiogram testing to ensure safety with initiation of exercise.The control (CT) group was instructed to carry on with normal activity for the full duration of the intervention. Participants in the exercise (EX) group participated in three 50-min exercise sessions per week for a total of 12 weeks. Follow-up assessment occurred at week 13 and was compared with the baseline. Exercise included 25 min of cycling at 55%–85% age-predicted maximum heart rate (APMHR), 10–15 min of resistance training (2 sets of 15 repetitions), and 5 min of static stretching. For full details on the exercise program, see the Supplemental Material (https://www.prd-journal.com/article/S1353-8020(16)30243-7/fulltext#supplementaryMaterial). Participants could choose between their home or a medical fitness center to perform the exercise. An exercise professional provided gym-based supervision and at-home exercise for all 3 sessions during weeks 1–2, which was then tapered to 2 sessions for weeks 3–6, and 1 session for the final 6 weeks.Primary outcome measures included retention (completion of intervention) and adherence (completion of sessions), which was predetermined as &gt;75% of supervised and unsupervised sessions and maintaining APMHR intensities for &gt;75% (19/25 min) of the cycling duration. A series of secondary measures were also collected at baseline and follow-up assessment to determine improvement in motor control, quality of life, and physical and cognitive function (7–10).Three participants from the EX group dropped out before the 13-week assessment due to concomitant conditions, and 10 (n = 5 EX and n = 5 CT) were unable to be contacted at the 26-week period. Two serious adverse events occurred in the CT group, both attempted suicides, with 1 possibly being related to the week 13 assessment. A total of 97% of the EX group completed the intervention. Ninety-three percent of the EX group were able to complete the required sessions of the intervention, with only 75% achieving APMHR at each exercise session. Blunted heart rate response can be attributed to autonomic dysfunction commonly associated with HD, resulting in the inability to reach a predetermined percentage for APMHR (1). The EX and CT groups showed no differences in fall occurrence, suggesting that supervised exercise does not incur a greater fall risk in this population.The EX group improved aerobic fitness (VO2 MAX), motor function, and reduced body weight compared with the CT group. A reduced body weight may not be considered a positive finding because HD can lead to rapid weight loss in some people, resulting in cachexia and negative health outcomes (11). Follow-up assessment at 26 weeks indicated that all EX participants returned to low levels of physical activity after the intervention was terminated, and there were no differences in measured health outcome between groups.This is the first study to demonstrate that a multimodal exercise program is safe and that persons with mild to moderate HD can adhere to exercise with and without supervision and in different settings. The authors of this study showed improvement in aerobic fitness and motor control, but no improvement in strength, physical function, or cognition, which can all reduce quality of life in persons with HD (3). The exclusion of those with cognitive deficit and mental health disease, which is commonly associate with HD, may have resulted in reduced applicability of this study. The resistance training protocol may have used an intensity and/ or volume that was too low for improvement in strength. Future researchers might investigate the effects of resistance versus aerobic training and allow for a more robust sample of participants with and without HD-related cognitive impairment. The clinical exercise physiologist should encourage persons with HD to remain physically active using a multimodal program when safe and appropriate for an individual.The current Research Highlights editor would like to thank the JCEP Editorial Board for the opportunity to contribute this journal by authoring the Research Highlights for the past several years. We welcome Dr. Elizabeth O'Neill, DPE (Springfield College, Springfield, MA) as the new Research Highlights editor.

BackgroundWell programmed strength and conditioning training is an indispensable part of the long-term training process for athletes in individual and team sports to improve performance and prevent injuries. Yet, there is a limited number of studies available that examine the effects of resistance training (RT) on muscular fitness and physiological adaptations in elite female athletes.ObjectivesThis systematic review aimed to summarize recent evidence on the long-term effects of RT or combinations of RT with other strength-dominated exercise types on muscular fitness, muscle morphology, and body composition in female elite athletes.Materials and MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in nine electronic databases (Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, ERIC, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Open Dissertations, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until March 2022. Key search terms from the MeSH database such as RT and strength training were included and combined using the operators “AND,” “OR,” and “NOT”. The search syntax initially identified 181 records. After screening for titles, abstracts, and full texts, 33 studies remained that examined the long-term effects of RT or combinations of RT with other strength-dominated exercise types on muscular fitness, muscle morphology, and body composition in female elite athletes.ResultsTwenty-four studies used single-mode RT or plyometric training and nine studies investigated the effects of combined training programs such as resistance with plyometric or agility training, resistance and speed training, and resistance and power training. The training duration lasted at least 4 weeks, but most studies used ~ 12 weeks. Studies were generally classified as ‘high-quality’ with a mean PEDro score of 6.8 (median 7). Irrespective of the type or combination of RT with other strength-dominated exercise regimens (type of exercise, exercise duration, or intensity), 24 out of 33 studies reported increases in muscle power (e.g., maximal and mean power; effect size [ES]: 0.23 < Cohen’s d < 1.83, small to large), strength (e.g., one-repetition-maximum [1RM]; ES: 0.15 < d < 6.80, small to very large), speed (e.g., sprint times; ES: 0.01 < d < 1.26, small to large), and jump performance (e.g., countermovement/squat jump; ES: 0.02 < d < 1.04, small to large).The nine studies that examined the effects of combined training showed significant increases on maximal strength (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large), muscle power (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large), jump and sprint performance (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large). Four out of six studies observed no changes in body mass or percentage of body fat after resistance or plyometric training or combined training (ES: 0.026 < d < 0.492, small to medium). Five out of six studies observed significant changes in muscle morphology (e.g., muscle thickness, muscle fiber cross-sectional area; ES: 0.23 < d < 3.21, small to very large). However, one study did not find any changes in muscle morphology (i.e., muscle thickness, pennation angle; ES: 0.1 < d < 0.19, small).ConclusionFindings from this systematic review suggest that RT or combined RT with other strength-dominated exercise types leads to significant increases in measures of muscle power, strength, speed, and jump performance in elite female athletes. However, the optimal dosage of programming parameters such as training intensity and duration necessary to induce large effects in measures of muscular fitness and their physiological adaptations remain to be resolved in female elite athletes.

Lesinski, M, Prieske, O, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Seasonal effects of strength endurance vs. power training in young female soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S90-S96, 2021-This study examined the seasonal effects of strength endurance training (SET) vs. power training (PT) on physical fitness and body composition in young female soccer players. Thirty-six young female elite soccer players (15 ± 1 years; maturity offset +3 ± 1 years) were allocated to progressive SET (n = 19) or PT (n = 17). Over the course of one soccer season, SET performed slow movement velocity, moderate intensity (50-60% of the 1 repetition maximum [1RM]; 20-40 repetitions) strength exercises while PT performed moderate-to-high intensity (50-95% of the 1RM; 3-8 repetitions), high movement velocity strength exercises (2 sessions·wk-1). Before and after training, tests were performed for the assessment of muscle strength (1RM leg press), jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump [DJ]), muscular endurance (ventral Bourban test), linear speed (10 m, 20 m), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (T-test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), sport-specific performance (kicking velocity), and body composition (lean body mass and fat mass). An analysis of covariance was used to test for between-group differences at post-test with baseline values as covariate. No significant between-group differences were observed in terms of total training volume over the respective soccer seasons (p = 0.069; d = 0.68). At post-test, SET showed significantly better ventral Bourban and T-test performances (d = 1.28-2.28; p = 0.000-0.001) compared with PT. However, PT resulted in significantly better 1RM leg press, DJ, 10-m, and 20-m sprint performances (d = 0.85-1.44; p = 0.000-0.026). No significant between-group differences were observed at post-test for CMJ, Y-balance test, kicking performance, and body composition (d = 0.20-0.74, p = 0.051-0.594). Our findings are mainly in accordance with the principle of training specificity. Both SET and PT are recommended to be implemented in young female elite soccer players according to the respective training period.

Background and Study Aim. Sports performance and overall health of athletes are highly dependent on various physiological markers. Among these, blood biochemistry is of great importance and should be carefully considered in athletes' training regimens. However, the effect of strength and resistance training on serum phosphorus levels still requires further clarification and more effective solutions. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of strength and resistance training on serum phosphorus levels in elite male soccer players. Material and Methods. A sample of 90 volunteers was recruited from football athletes in the Peshawar division. Thirty participants were selected from each of the under-16, under-19, and under-23 age groups. They were divided into three groups: the Resistance Training Group (RTG), the Strength Training Group (STG), and the Control Group (CG). Each group consisted of 30 participants, with 10 from each age category. Phosphorus levels and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) were assessed before and after a 12-week strength and resistance training intervention. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and paired sample t-tests were used to evaluate changes over time. Results. Significant improvements were observed in serum phosphorus levels in the Resistance Training Group (4.77±0.258 vs. 3.66±0.207, P&lt;0.001) and in the Strength Training Group (4.31±0.304 vs. 3.66±0.209, P&lt;0.001). A 12-week regimen of strength and resistance training significantly improved serum phosphorus levels among the participants. Analysis of variance indicated that both strength and resistance training significantly affected serum phosphorus levels after 12 weeks of intervention. Tukey’s HSD test revealed that the effects of resistance training were more pronounced than those of strength training. Conclusions. This study highlights the importance of incorporating both strength and resistance training in athletic programs. These training approaches are crucial for optimizing physical health and performance. The findings underscore the need for educators and trainers to adapt and refine their methods to maximize the benefits of these interventions. By doing so, they can enhance the effectiveness of training regimens and contribute to the overall well-being of athletes.

Concurrent training (CT) seems to impair training-induced muscle hypertrophy. This study compared the effects of CT, strength training (ST) and interval training (IT) on the muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) response, and on the expression of selected genes involved in the myostatin (MSTN) signaling mRNA levels. Thirty-seven physically active men were randomly divided into 4 groups: CT (n = 11), ST (n = 11), IT (n = 8), and control group (C) (n = 7) and underwent an 8-week training period. Vastus lateralis biopsy muscle samples were obtained at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. Muscle fiber CSA, selected genes expression, and maximum dynamic ST (1 repetition maximum) were evaluated before and after training. Type IIa and type I muscle fiber CSA increased from pre- to posttest only in the ST group (17.08 and 17.9%, respectively). The SMAD-7 gene expression significantly increased at the posttest in the ST (53.9%) and CT groups (39.3%). The MSTN and its regulatory genes ActIIb, FLST-3, FOXO-3a, and GASP-1 mRNA levels remained unchanged across time and groups. One repetition maximum increased from pre- to posttest in both the ST and CT groups (ST = 18.5%; CT = 17.6%). Our findings are suggestive that MSTN and their regulatory genes at transcript level cannot differentiate muscle fiber CSA responses between CT and ST regimens in humans.

Protective Pathways in Ischaemia–Reperfusion: Take the RISK or Lose the Chance

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an 8-week concurrent training (CT) program that combined short sprint interval training (sSIT) and resistance training (RT) in alternating sequences (i.e., sSIT + RT or RT + sSIT) on the physical fitness, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic performance of male karate athletes, in comparison to each training intervention conducted independently. Forty national-level young male athletes volunteered to participate in this study and were divided into sSIT, RT, sSIT + RT, RT + sSIT, and active control (CG) groups, each group consisted of eight athletes and performed 3 days of weekly training intervention including 4 sets of 5 repetitions of 5 seconds of all-out running for sSIT program and also back squats, leg presses, seated knee flexions, and calf raises for 3 sets of 6-12 repetition maximum for the RT intervention. After the intervention, the sSIT, RT, sSIT + RT and RT + sSIT groups demonstrated improvements in the countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) (effect size [ES] = 0.64, 0.88, 1.58, 1.55), 20-m sprint (ES = -0.82, -0.62, -1.10, -1.16), 4 × 9-m shuttle run (ES = -0.62, -0.35, -1.15, -0.89), strength (ES = 0.19, 0.44, 0.34, 0.43), peak (ES = 1.27, 0.73, 1.80, 1.53), and mean power output (ES = 0.87, 0.54, 1.37, 1.11), as well as in comparison to the CG (p < 0.05), respectively. Additionally, improvements in aerobic performance were observed in the sSIT, sSIT + RT, and RT + sSIT groups (ES = 0.75, 0.92, 0.62) after the training intervention, and in comparison to CG (p < 0.05), while the RT group did not show significant changes post-training. By comparing the CT groups, no sequencing effects were observed in the adaptations of variables between the sSIT + RT vs. RT + sSIT groups. In conclusion, this study's findings demonstrate that sSIT, RT, and CT with different orders have a positive impact on inducing adaptations in physical fitness, aerobic and anaerobic performance. Additionally, combining sSIT and RT resulted in further adaptations in karate athletes without any differences between CT groups.

Background: Diazinon is an insecticide from the organophosphorus group, which can increase the oxidative stress in the body. It has been established that training and antioxidant supplementation can improve oxidative stress system by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA); meanwhile, increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT). Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) and berberine chloride (BC) supplementation on oxidative stress indices in the cerebellum tissue of diazinon-poisoned rats. Methods: Fifty-six Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 8), including resistance training (RT) (each session 2 sets of 6 repetitions, each one required 8 to 12 active movements with intensity of 10% - 50% of body weight, 3 sessions per week), BC2 (BC: 2 mg/kg), BC15 (BC: 15 mg/kg), RT + BC2, RT + BC15, diazinon, and control. MDA, SOD, and CAT were measured in the cerebellum tissue. Results: RT and BC significantly reduced MDA protein levels (P < 0.01), while increased SOD protein levels (P < 0.01) and CAT protein levels (P < 0.01) in the cerebellum tissue of diazinon-poisoned rats; RT with BC had interactive effects on decreasing MDA (P < 0.01), while increasing SOD (P < 0.01) and CAT protein levels (P < 0.01). Also, the consumption of 15 mg/kg BC rather than 2 mg/kg BC significantly increased SOD protein levels (P = 0.02). Conclusions: It seems that RT combination with BC has Interactive effects on the improvement of oxidative stress markers in the cerebellum tissue of diazinon-poisoned rats.