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Abstract
The synthesis of MXenes is a lively area of research in today’s materials science community. Pure carbide and nitride samples with tunable properties and crystal size are desirable for the implementation of these promising young materials in the wider economy. Herein, the preparation of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase has been studied with a view to improving the quality and purity of the resultant Ti3C2 MXene. Room-temperature high-energy ball milling is exploited for the mechanical activation of elemental powder mixtures, which, along with adjusted input stoichiometry and heat treatment, achieves high-purity and highly crystalline Ti3AlC2 and Ti3C2 with rather quick and easy methodology. Several approaches are offered, as not all of these preparation steps are strictly necessary for acquiring MXene. The structure and properties of Ti3C2 are shown to depend on the preparation history and precursor characteristics. The MXene is additionally shown to perform well as a substrate for binder-free electrochemical cell electrodes; high electrical conductivity and cycling stability render this MXene@Zn anode a viable option for aqueous Zn-ion systems.
Highlights
The unnecessary delay of project delivery is a frequent root cause of complications in construction projects, in developing countries [16,23,55,57] and Malaysia is no exception [87], where almost 80% of traditionally procured projects experience time overruns [76]
The findings provide an opportunity for global construction project management practitioners to revaluate and modify work practices to redress the current shortcomings
Parts II and III entail appraising the viewpoints of key construction stakeholders, comprising representatives from client, consultant and contractor organisations of the 20 delay causes according to their frequency of occurrence and degree of severity during the construction stage using a five-point Likert scale as adopted in previous delay studies
Summary
The unnecessary delay of project delivery is a frequent root cause of complications in construction projects, in developing countries [16,23,55,57] and Malaysia is no exception [87], where almost 80% of traditionally procured projects experience time overruns [76]. Delays adversely undermine the production planning and control dimension of operations [94], in construction projects [75], regardless of the socio-economic status of the country involved [31] Delays can cause such predicaments as increased construction costs, loss of profits due to low productivity, lawsuits between contracting parties and contract termination [19,36,70]. In South Africa, the leading effects of schedule delays are extensions of time, cost overruns, loss of profits, disputes and substandard quality of work attributable to hastily performed tasks to complete the project [59]. The negative repercussions of schedule pressure can be attributed to out-of-sequence work, cutting corners and poor worker motivation, resulting in further losses in productivity and quality [61,86]
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