Abstract
The modification of a metal implant surface with a biomimetic coating of bone-like anisotropic and graded porosity structures to improve its biological anchorage with the surrounding bone tissue at implanting, is still a high challenge. In this paper, we present an innovative way of a gelatin (GEL) dip-coating on Ti-6Al-4V substrates of different square-net surface textures by the unidirectional deep-freezing process at simultaneous cross-linking using carbodiimide chemistry. Different concentrations of GEL solution were used to study the changes in morphology, density, and mechanical properties of the coatings. In addition, the surface free energy and polarity of Ti-6Al-4V substrate surfaces and GEL solutions have been evaluated to assess the wetting properties at the substrate interfaces, and to describe the adhesion of GEL macromolecules with their surfaces, being supported by mechanical pull-out testing. The results indicate that the coating’s morphology depends primarily on the Ti-6Al-4V substrate’s surface texture and second, on the concentration of GEL, which further influences their adhesion properties, orientation, morphological arrangement, as well as compression strength. The substrate with a 300 × 300 μm2 texture resulted in a highly adhered GEL coating with ≥80% porosity, interconnected and well-aligned pores of 75–200 μm, required to stimulate the bone ingrowth, mechanically and histologically.
Highlights
IntroductionModern rehabilitative implantology relies on titanium-based alloys that assure an implant’s mechanical resistance to dynamic loads, with excellent corrosion resistance and a reasonable level of bioconductivity (osseointegration) and biocompatibility
Modern rehabilitative implantology relies on titanium-based alloys that assure an implant’s mechanical resistance to dynamic loads, with excellent corrosion resistance and a reasonable level of bioconductivity and biocompatibility
It has been expected that the textures of substrates influence the density and adhesion of GEL macromolecules to the surface of substrates, as well as their orientation and morphological arrangement, during the cryogelation process according to our previous study [24], and, we developed bone-like anisotropic and graded porosity coating structures that would stimulate the bone ingrowth, mechanically and histologically
Summary
Modern rehabilitative implantology relies on titanium-based alloys that assure an implant’s mechanical resistance to dynamic loads, with excellent corrosion resistance and a reasonable level of bioconductivity (osseointegration) and biocompatibility. The main drawback of titanium implants is related to their Young’s modulus, that is usually much higher than cortical bone (110 vs 20 GPa), their bioinertness, as well as anisotropic and hierarchical structure [1,2], which lowers the interaction with the host bone tissue [3]. If the implant does not get enough mechanical fixation, the loads cause relative micromovement between bone and implant, which leads to bone abrasion at the interaction surface, and further loss of mechanical strength and the implant’s loosening. Since bone is a dynamic tissue, its density and mechanical properties are remodeled constantly according to its mechanical loadings. The stiffer metal implant carries the majority of applied loads, leaving the bone tissue effectively unstressed, which causes bone atrophy
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