The Effect of Tariffs on Local and International Energy Trade

The ongoing trade war between the United States and China is having profound impacts on the global economy. As recent studies have found substantial amounts of carbon dioxide and air pollution embedded in the global supply chains, the Sino–US trade war may also affect emissions and health burdens worldwide, which remains poorly understood. Here, we estimate the potential changes in gross domestic product (GDP), anthropogenic emissions and particulate matter (PM2.5) related premature deaths worldwide under two Sino–US trade war scenarios. We find that for the US and China, the trade war would reduce their GDP and, less significantly, emissions and mortality, suggesting that the trade war is not an effective means of environmental protection. The trade war would increase both GDP and mortality in many developing regions, because of their increased production of goods targeted in the Sino–US trade war. Surprisingly, Western Europe and Latin America and Caribbean would have higher GDP but lower emissions and mortality, an economic and environmental win-win outcome as a net result of the complex changes in the global supply chains. Neighbour regions of the US and China such as Canada, Japan and Korea would also have higher GDP but lower mortality, because of reduced atmospheric transboundary transport from the US and China overcompensating for increased local emissions of these neighbours. The complex consequences of the Sino–US trade war highlight the strong inter-regional and economic-environmental linkage in support of a global collaborative strategy to foster economic growth and environmental protection.

Multiscale design for system-wide peer-to-peer energy trading

The ongoing trade war between the U.S. and China has devastating effects on the developing nations. The trade war is nothing but damaging another country's trade by imposing tariffs and trade barriers on other goods. The impact of this trade war is more intensive to the economy of those nations that are all more integrated with the global economy. The developing countries are most affected by this ongoing trade war between the U.S. and China. Its effects are not only limited to the economic slowdown, but at the same time, it hampers the environment a lot. The trade war is affecting the forest reserve of the amazon basin and the sub-Saharan desert, which is known as the lung of earth. At the same time, excessive industrialization causes wide-scale deforestation and desertification in developing and developed countries due to the rise of carbon. This study mainly focuses on the US-China trade war and its impact on the economies of the developing nations with the particular reference of south Asian countries. Meanwhile, this research work will also analyze its adverse effects on the environment.

Cournot oligopoly game-based local energy trading considering renewable energy uncertainty costs

This research papers attempts to analyze the ongoing trade war between the United States and China and its ramifications for the ASEAN region. The paper starts with a brief review of the trade war between the two world’s largest economies, highlighting the main root causes of this trade conflict. In spite of the fact that in the initial stage of the trade war, ASEAN was largely perceived as a region which would positively benefit from the trade dispute and its spillovers, this research paper disputes such a narrative. As the trade war entered its second year, with a solution to this crisis yet to be found, the ASEAN economies began to feel various impacts of this trade dispute. The section of the paper presenting an analysis of the trade war effects on ASEAN documents largely negative impacts on this region. Given the fact that all the ASEAN member states adopted an export-led economic model – the model that lifted millions out of poverty and helped ASEAN’s economies through the downturn of the 1997 Asian financial crisis – evidence suggests that exports appear to be the first victim of the trade war. Due to the decreasing volume of exports, ASEAN’s economic growth has begun to dwindle. In its conclusion, the research paper argues that as long as the trade war continues to disrupt the global economy, its negative effects will continue to weigh heavily on ASEAN. Keywords: ASEAN, Trade war, United States, China, Export, Economic growth.

In the energy sector, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is a promising method for the future smart grid. Despite all the benefits, this method is vulnerable to some malicious attacks, e.g., false data injection attacks (FDIAs). This paper explores the vulnerability of local P2P energy trading to FDIAs. Previous works on FDIAs in energy neighborhoods consider consumers only, or do not consider the effect of including prosumers. We consider the situation where an attacker tries to modify the participants' demands to gain some benefits. Through simulations using real datasets, we demonstrate possible effects of FDIAs on both selling and buying energy prices in P2P energy trading involving both prosumers and local energy suppliers. From the simulations, we learn that the best chance for an attacker to remain undetected is to target a high number of prosumers and only modify their demand with a small fraction. Moreover, by comparing the results from the attack scenario with the normal situation, we observe that an attack generally leads to less favorable energy prices and thus reduced incentives to become or even remain an energy-selling prosumer.

The current trade war between China and the United States is the largest trade war on the global market in nearly half a century. The trade war refers to a series of economic and policy clashes between China and the United States in the field of trade since 2018. This trade war was mainly initiated by the United States to reduce the trade deficit between China and United States, protect the U.S. manufacturing industry, and limit the rise of Chinese technology, while involving issues such as intellectual property rights and technology transfer. As the worlds two largest economies, the trade conflict between China and the United States directly affects the trend and stability of the global economy. At the same time, the trade conflict between China and the United States has also had a profound impact on technological innovation in both countries. Through a literature review, this paper comprehensively analyzes the impact of the China-U.S. trade war on the bilateral economy and employment of China and the United States, and discusses the impact of the China-U.S. trade war on the development trend of the global economy. This paper argues that governments should repeatedly study the causes and impacts of the China-U.S. trade war, and realize that the trade war is not desirable, and win-win cooperation is the direction of future development.

Abstract. We focused our attention on the causes of the current trade war between the United States and China. The article analyzes the influence of electoral processes in the USA on the choice between free trade and protectionism. The relationship between China’s accession to the WTO, mutually beneficial cooperation with the United States, and trends in the trade balance between major trading partners have been determined. The article illustrates the main mutual claims between the United States and China, which led to the outbreak of «the largest trade war in economic history». We determined the main stages of the conduct of «military operations» and characterized the directions of the conflict escalation. The attention is focused on the losses in the trade war; the main beneficiaries from the «trade disagreements» were identified. We proposed an alternative opinion on the real consequences of the trade war for the warring parties. The article studies the impact of trade wars on world GDP and the national economies of the largest countries of the world. Attention is focused on the existence of «phantom trade» for finding the way out of sanctions and tariffs. The role of Ukrainian business in trade wars is examined in detail. We analyzed the main trade wars Ukrainian enterprises are involved in and possible results for the business. The article gives the author’s vision of the impact of the trade war on the trade balance between Ukraine and the key participants in the trade war: the United States and China. We concluded which branches of the Ukrainian industry are in priority for developing trade relations with China. The article highlights the main barriers to the development of trade with the United States and the reasons for the decline in the export of Ukrainian goods. We predicted how the improvement in relations between the United States and China will affect the role of Ukrainian business in the context of world trade wars. Keywords: trade wars, export, import, protectionism, free trade, trade balance, trade deficit, import duties, sanctions, tariffs, duties, phantom trade, preferences. Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl: 0; bibl.: 38.

Intellectual property right infringement, state involvement in industrial espionage, and North-South trade

The traditional electricity markets are facing challenges in integrating the distributed generation extensively. However, the local energy markets have the potential to support the local integration of DG and facilitate the local balance of energy supply and demand. The operation and management of local energy markets require support from the efficient and reliable information technology. Blockchain technology has the potential to be used in local energy trading, but it is difficult to support frequent trades among the rising number of market participants, due to the basic design principle of the technology. Therefore, we present the off-chain energy trading method and an asynchronous transaction recording mechanism to ensure the efficiency of energy trading procedures. To support off-chain energy trading, we design a local energy trading cyber-physical system. The overview of the local energy market and the framework of the blockchain-based local energy trading system are illustrated respectively.

With the high penetration of distributed renewable resources, local energy trading makes it possible to trade energy from local renewable sources, such as small-scale photovoltaics panels and wind turbines. In this paper, a novel Hotelling Game based local energy trading is proposed in this paper to determine the optimal strategies of the minimum total costs. Both network cost of transportation and energy cost of generation are considered in the trading decision-making. The network cost is determined based on the MW-Mile method to reflect the usage of the network in energy trading. The local trading is modelled as a Hotelling Game and the optimal trading strategies can be obtained for the customer to minimize their energy bill. The proposed energy trading method is demonstrated on a representative system to illustrate the significance of network cost in the local trading scenario.

In this paper, we investigate optimal management of local energy trading in future smart micro-grid (SMG) via pricing. In SMG, energy consumers and providers, in addition to trading with utility company, can also perform local energy trading controlled by a local trading manager (LTM) for reaping benefits. We first quantify the benefits achieved by the consumers and providers from local trading and then formulate a two-layered optimization framework to investigate i) how the energy consumers and providers maximize their benefits via appropriately adjusting their local trading decisions in response to the LTM's pricing, and ii) how the LTM adjusts its price in local market to benefit the consumers and providers as much as possible while guaranteeing a required gain for itself. We propose two algorithms to solve the layered optimization problem and perform numerical experiments with practical data set to validate the proposed local trading model and the algorithms.

The US and China International Trade Indices: A Comprehensive Empirical Survey, 2020 Edition

Noor Aini Khalifah, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: With the backdrop of the decreasing hegemony of the United States and the emerging of two Asian giants, China and India, the article “Trump's Trade War: An Indian Perspective” succinctly captures the current scenario with references to history and the possibilities that the future may hold. From the perspective of leaders and domestic politics, it is always “better” to blame foreigners (“others”) for one's lack of competitiveness.The article highlights Trump's trade war and India's protectionist sentiment via the “Make in India” strategy, which does not bode well for either a liberalized world trading system or a liberalized FDI environment. The asymmetry of capital flows and labor flows between developed and developing countries is another source of contention in Trump's trade war. Both India and China's trade surplus with the United States led Trump to think that there exists “unfair trade practices” in these relationships. The U.S. trade deficit with China is about 20 times that of India in 2018.This article also addresses concern about China's growing geopolitical ambitions whereby both the United States and India aligned their interests in combatting the rise of China. Prior to Trump's tariffs, the strategic partnership between the United States and India was in tandem with Trump's vision of a “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” region. India's prior concern of “cheap” Chinese imports has gained momentum following Trump's trade war against China. India's allegation of “unfair competition” from “cheap” Chinese imports led India to resort to antidumping provisions under the auspices of WTO with the recent imposition of antidumping duties on imports of Chinese steel products. China in turn was the sole or one of the complainants of over two-thirds of the Indian antidumping cases (839 cases) brought to the WTO during 1995–2016, out of a total of 5,286 cases reported to the WTO.The United States is an important export destination for India with about double the amount of exports (US$ 42.2 billion) compared to source of imports (US$ 22.3). On the other hand, India's imports from China were US$ 62.3 billion and exports were US$ 10.2 billion, making India's trading relation with China more significant than that with the United States. It is difficult, however, to estimate the amount of China's trade with India that is conducted by U.S. affiliates domiciled in China.The chronology of events relating to U.S.–India trade by Prema-chandra Athukorala was quoted from many sources including Prime Minister Modi's article in the Wall Street Journal (2017), U.S. Department of State, U.S. Trade Representative (2018; 2019) as well as WTO reports. Data exhibited in the tables were mainly from USITC databases. The commodity composition of U.S. imports from India include semiprecious stones and jewellery (20.5 percent), chemical products (18.28 percent), cut and polished diamonds (16.48 percent), textiles and textile products (15.05 percent), machinery and mechanical appliances (9.31 percent), and mineral products (6.04 percent) amounting to 86 percent of imports in 2018. Overall, U.S. imports from India are based on India's comparative advantage in the production of final goods portraying minimal involvement in production networks. However, Foxconn Technologies’ and Wistron's plans of opening plants in Chennai amid Trump's trade war with China could help India regain missed opportunities from global production sharing. Hence, Trump's trade war with one Asian giant has a spillover effect on another Asian giant.

Decentralized local energy trading with cooperative energy routing in energy local area network